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美丽的城市:巴西利亚

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发表于 2016-7-9 23:18:56 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  Brasilia (Brazil)
          Fifty years ago, the spot where Brasilia now stands was nothing but
cerrado(塞雷多,巴西Mina 州的一个行政区)--short scrubby forest, stretching thousands of miles
in every direction. That the entire city, this modernist architectural feat, was
completed in the space of just 4 years is thanks to the will of one man, former
president Juscelino Kubitschek. JK was elected president in 1956 on the promise
that he"d move the capital inland from Rio de Janeiro(里约热内卢). Other politicians
had made similar promises to no avail(完全无用); the capital had even been mandated
in Article 3 of the constitution of the first Brazilian republic. But few
expected JK to successfully see it through.
          The site, on Brazil"s high interior plateau(高原), was close to rivers and
had a temperate climate. But it was literally in the middle of nowhere--over 360
miles from the nearest paved road, 75 miles from the nearest railroad, and some
115 miles from the nearest airport. JK pressed ahead, and held a competition for
city plans. The winning design for the master plan was submitted by a Rio
architect named Lucio Costa.
          Costa"s plan incorporated some curious ideas. In a country with no auto
industry, the capital was designed almost exclusively for car use. Activities
like shopping, banking, even living were segregated in discrete lumps. But
viewed from high above the city grid looked bold and monumental--shaped like an
airplane in flight, or an arrow shooting forward into the future.
          Groundbreaking(奠基)began in 1957. Thousands of workers poured in from around
the country. Living conditions were frightful. But by April 21, 1960, there was
something that resembled a city enough for the grand inauguration to be held.
Politicians and bureaucrats began to make the long shift inland.
          In years since, Brasilia has been a source of some controversy. For the
world of urban design it embodies the limitations of rational planning; the
carefully designated use zones now feel stifling, ill-equipped to address the
complexity of a true city. Some Brazilians have suggested that the money
borrowed to build the new capital planted the seed for the debt crisis of the
early 1980s. But its status as the federal capital is secure; if nothing else,
Brasilia certainly succeeded in moving the country"s focus from the coast to the
vast interior.
          For visitors, the attractions here are purely architectural. The city was
meant to be a showcase for the country. Brazil"s best designers, architects, and
artists were commissioned to create the buildings and make them beautiful. A
visit to Brasilia is a chance to see and judge on their success
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