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发表于 2016-7-11 19:58:13
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3、推论题
(1) 出题形式
推论题是阅读理解各类问题种最难的题型。因为它的答案没有直接通过一个明确的句子在文种陈述出来。需要考生以作者表面的论述为基础，利用文章提供的暗示，体会作者的言外之意。推论题提示词有suggest，imply，indicate，conclude，infer等。
(2)注意点
由于推论题需要考生自己推导，因此对于逻辑理解的要求比较高，但这并不意味着需要进行多层次的深度推导。
大多数推论题的正确选项，是原文的同义改写，正确答案与原文之间往往不需要过于复杂的推理过程;
如果有多个选项意思正确，所用推理步骤最少的是正确答案;
选项中若出现原文中没有体现的绝对表达，该选项一般为错误选项，如must, only, never, all, always, entirely, exclusively, absolutely, solely，unique, too等;
选项中若出现原文中没有体现的最高级和比较级，该选项一般为错误选项;
推论题的选项通常比较具有概括性，所以具体事实的选项通常为干扰项。
4、语义题
(1) 出题形式
猜词题一般会明确地告诉考生出题点，不需要考生查找所考查内容。目前的考查形式有考一个单词的含义，一个词组的意思，一个句子的弦外之音或代词“it，they”的指代内容。
(2) 解题思路
猜词题是考生得分率较低的一类题，因为它需要考生从上下文中进行分析，抓住线索来推敲词义。常见的猜词方式有：
平行结构原理
① 注意生词前后出现的but, however, while, on the contrary等转折词，表示对立关系;前后出现的and, besides, similarly, in the same way等词，表示前后同义。
真题
Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.
The word "liability" most probably means "______".
A) misfortune
B) instability
C) disadvantage
D) burden
评析：
首先找到相关句：But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.根据句子本身不能提供更多地信息，但是句首的but表明这个句子与前面一句恰巧相反。前句意思是：法官对于外表迷人的被告比较心软，这是在说漂亮长相的好处。因此，后面一句应该谈论长相漂亮的坏处。对比选项，C为正确答案。
② 注意生词前后出现的特殊符号，如冒号，破折号等，表示解释说明
例题：2006年12月真题
In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body’s system for reacting to things that can harm us——the so-called fight-or-flight response. “An animal that can’t detect danger can’t stay alive,” says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons (神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdale (扁桃核).
The “so-called fight-or-flight response” refers to “________”.
A) the biological process in which human beings’ sense of self-defense evolves
B) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential danger
C) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decision
D) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information(B)
评析:
所猜单词位于段落首句中，而且前面出现了破折号，根据破折号的语义功能，说明前面就是所猜单词的意思。从纯生物学角度来看，害怕开始于身体系统对于可能伤害我们的事物作出反应。对比选项，可以发现只有B项中提到了害怕，所以为正确答案。
指代关系原理
英语表达中为了避免重复提及前面所出现的名词，通常使用代词进行代替。因此如果在猜词区域前后出现的指示词，如such, that, it等，可以利用它们的指代内容理解含义。
真题
To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.
According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” means “ ”.
A) to sell the largest possible amount of good
B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible
C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities
D) to redesign these goods for large-scale production
评析:
所考查的词在文中很容易确定most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible，但要根据句子本身推论含义比较困难。因此后面句子的开头单词such就至关重要，such指代前者，表示总结，因此这样的生产(production)和销售(selling)正好指代前句中的“concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods”和“relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible”。由此可以知道，所猜单词指的是销售，所以答案为A。
根据逻辑关系，代入排除
真题
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds’ half-brain sleep “is just the tip of the iceberg(冰山).” He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species.
By “just the tip of the iceberg”, Siegel suggests that .
A) half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weather
B) the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being sleepers
C) most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers
D) half-brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species
评析:
所猜单词前后没有出现任何的转折，并列，解释或指代关系，这种情况下只能依赖句子的逻辑关系，进行代入排除。单词所在句意思是：鸟类的half-brain睡眠是冰山的一角。后面的句子意思是：当我们进一步观察其他的物种，也许有更多地证据出现。由此可见，half-brain睡眠可能存在于其他的物种，和D吻合。
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