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1.Many critics of Eamily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second
part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part,
where a “romantic” reading receives more confirmation.
2.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian
discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about
1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is, the
depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American
farming system.
3.It is true that a high proportion of the newly farmed land was suitable
only for grazing and dry farming, but agricultural practices had become
sufficiently advanced to make it possible to increase the profitability of
farming by utilizing even these relatively barren lands.
4.The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed
disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of
changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred
during the second half of the nineteenth century.
5.The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about
advertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal
energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting
the principle of energy conservation.
6.In brief, her works neither elevate nor instruct. This restraint largely
explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did
not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth-century French
contemporaries.
7.In the early 1950’s, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which
we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for
the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial
European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and
social elite：the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates
who had hitherto usually filled history books.
8.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of
law——notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of
coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive
enactment are concerned——that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate
adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
9.Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of
the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of
Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)，the spirit of the legal matter in
later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the
primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
10.Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab
paganism that preceded it;Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a
religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising
as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous
legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered
territories.
11.Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced
by pressure from outside;its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of
cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent.
12.While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus
fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for
instance, that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which
bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion.
13.This is unlikely to happen, but it warns usthat perhaps the most
salutary feature of the papyrus scrap is its message of the extreme difficulty
of classifying and categorizing rigidly the development of a creative
artist.
14.Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive
process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are
compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the
ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much
more pollen than is actually used.
15.Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are
transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in
the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance
by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of
magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.
16.They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the
spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have
not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women"s economic position or
in the prevailing evaluation of women"s work.
17.The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial
Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young,
single women as domestics.
18.It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of
secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers,
from administrative work that in the 1880"s created a new class of "dead-end"
jobs, thenceforth considered "women"s work."
19.The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home
in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and
an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic
necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single
women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would
hire.
20.Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women"s work have
changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of
occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require
relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for
advancement all persist, while women"s household labor remains demanding.
21.Disputes occurred, of course, among those who remained on the rebel
side, but the extraordinary social mobility of eighteenth-century American
society (with the obvious exception of slaves) usually prevented such disputes
from hardening along class lines.
22.Social structure was in fact so fluid—though recent statistics suggest a
narrowing of economic opportunity as the latter half of the century
progressed—that to talk about social classes at all requires the use of loose
economic categories such as rich, poor, and middle class, or eighteenth-century
designations like "the better sort."
23.Although undertones of class conflict existed beneath such hostility,
the opposition was primarily geographical. Sectional conflict—which also existed
between North and South—deserves further investigation.
24.Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the
colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the
conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.
25.The recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of
an appearance of EI Nino—the warm ocean current that periodically develops along
the Pacific coast of South America—has excited researchers.
26.Taking months to traverse the Pacific, Rossby waves march to the western
boundary of the Pacific basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality
consists of quite irregular island chains, such as, the Philippines and
Indonesia.
27.Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generally,
the nature of human knowledge they believe, are basic human questions whose
tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on
which all other intellectual speculation has rested.
28.When, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and Hobbes rejected medieval
philosophy, they did not think of themselves, as modern philosophers do, as
proposing a new and better philosophy, but rather as furthering “the warfare
between science and theology.”
29.They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to
the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy
and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but
of research in mathematics and physics.
30.This link between philosophical interests and scientific practice
persisted until the nineteenth century, when decline in ecclesiastical power
over scholarship and changes in the nature of science provoked the final
separation of philosophy from both.
31.The demarcation of philosophy from science was facilitated by the
development in the early nineteenth century of a new notion, that philosophy’s
core interest should be epistemology, the general explanation of what it means
to know something.
32.Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at least to Descartes and
Spinoza, but it was not explicitly articulated until the late eighteenth
century, by Kant, and did not become built into the structure of academic
institutions and the standard self-descriptions of philosophy professors until
the late nineteenth century.
33.Metaphysics, philosophy’s traditional core—considered as the most
general description of how the heavens and the earth are put together—had been
rendered almost completely meaningless by the spectacular progress of
physics.
34.Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge,
managed to replace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform the
notion of philosophy as “queen of sciences” into the new notion of philosophy as
a separate, foundational discipline.
35.Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of
rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth
(because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge
people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source
of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned.
36.But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals
in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be
liars themselves or be very naive; pure logic has never been a motivating force
unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and
thereby ceased to be pure logic.
37.Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the
alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined
values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a
metalloid, such as alloys of palladium and silicon, or alloys consisting of
iron, phosphorus, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained.
38.One of the most promising properties of glassy metals is their high
strength combined with high malleability. In usual crystalline materials, one
finds an inverse relation between the two properties, whereas for many practical
applications simultaneous presence of both properties is desirable.
39.One residual obstacle to practical applications that is likely to be
overcome is the fact that glassy metals will crystallize at relatively low
temperatures when heated slightly.
40.Yet Walzer"s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the most
serious weaknesses of capitalism—namely, that it brings to predominant positions
in a society people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their
material rewards, often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or
admiration.
41.Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable：in any
society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in
material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are
instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.
42.There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve
further reductions in vehicle emissions—short of a massive shift away from the
private automobile—is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with
cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas,
ethanol, or methanol.
43.These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or political
purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American
dialects in the dialogues, which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican
American conversation, are still characteristic both of the acto and of most
other forms of Mexican American theater today.
44.The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez"
study of the Italian commedia dell" arte of the sixteenth century, although some
critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities
of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater.
45.The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the
Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of
a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia
dell"arte troupes on tour in Spain.
46.But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal
structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain
away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution—the independent
development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar
environmental pressures.
47.In humans excessive intake ( for adults, over 4 milligrams per day) over
many years can lead to skeletal fluorosis, a well-defined skeletal disorder, and
in some plant species, fluoride is more toxic than ozone, sulfur dioxide, or
pesticides.
48.And while fluoride intake from water and air can be evaluated relatively
easily, it is much harder to estimate how much a given population ingests from
foodstuffs because of the wide variations in individual eating habits and in
fluoride concentrations in foodstuffs.
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“四、六级阅读长难句”中文译文
1.许多艾米丽·勃朗特的小说《呼啸山庄》的评论家，把小说的第二部分看作一种对比【对照物】，它对第一部分作出评论，即使没有把第一部分逆转，在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的阅读能获得更多的确认。
2.史学家Frederick J.
Turner在19世纪90年代写到，美国从1870年以来一直在持续发展的农民不满，被加剧了【突然落下，加速】，由于关闭国内边疆【停止西部垦荒】——也就是说，可以利用的新土地被耗尽了，对于美国农业系统的进一步扩展。
3.确实【让步口气】，很大一部分新开垦的土地只能够用于放牧和旱作，但是【语气上转回来】，农业手段已经非常进步，完全可以增加农业的收入，即使利用这些相对贫脊的土地。
4.学者和政治家强调，美国边疆消失的假设【观点】，这种强调模糊【掩盖】了变化的巨大重要性，在国际贸易的情况和后果方面发生了变化，在19世纪的后半期。
5.热泵(heat
pump)的使用受到阻碍，主要是因为怀疑广告商的宣称，广告商称，热泵可以产生两个单位的热能，对于所使用的每个单位电能，因此，显然与能量守恒原理相违背。
6.简而言之，她的作品既没有提高【升华】，也没有说教。这种克制在很大程度上解释了她缺乏普遍的成功，在活着的时候，即使她的艺术天才并没有被完全地否认，被18世纪法国的同时代人。
7.
五十年代早期，研究工业化以前欧洲的历史学家(此处我们把它定义成1300年到1800年这一时期的欧洲)，这些历史学家开始，首次以众多的人数，调查工业化以前欧洲人口中的大多数，而不是那些百分之二或三的人口，这些人构成了政治和社会的精英：国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方巨头，正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充满了历史书籍。
8.伊斯兰法是一种现象，它如此不同于所有其它法律形式——当然，虽然存在大量的而且不可避免的巧合【相同内容】，对于其它法律，当考虑到主题内容和有正面性的法规时候——以致于对它进行研究是不可缺少的，为了充分理解有可能的法律现象的全部范围。
9.尽管从历史角度看，犹太法律有一个明显的中断，在古代以色列君主国家与流散时期(犹太人四处流散，在以色列被征服后)，但是，法律内容的精神在《旧约全书》后面部分中，非常类似于《犹太法典》，后者是流散时期犹太法律的主要法典。
10.
伊斯兰教，在另一方面【相反方面】，代表着一种本质上的决裂，与过去存在的阿拉伯异教信仰;伊斯兰法是考察的结果，从宗教的角度，对法律的主题内容，这些内容远远不是统一的，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家法律的各种因素，以及由被征服土地上非阿拉伯民族的大量法律因素所构成。
11.犹太法受到社会凝聚力的支持，由于外界的压力而强化;它的法规直接表现了这种凝聚力的感情，倾向于调和【住宿】不同意见。
12.尽管新的学说看起来几乎肯定是正确的，但是这张莎草纸的碎片还是引起了恐慌，即另一块碎片有可能被挖掘出来，证明，比如说，《妇女》是一部作者死后出版的《Danaid四部曲》的作品，曾经打败了索福克勒斯，上述情况将把创作年代再一次抛到极度混乱之中。
13.这种情况不大可能发生，但是它警告我们，莎草纸碎片最有帮助的特征是它所表达的信息，要想对一个有创造性的作家的发展过程做出划分和归类是极为困难的。
14.传统上来讲，风媒传粉一直被看作是一个繁殖过程，它以随机事件为标志，在此过程中，风的奇怪行为被大量花粉的产生所补偿，因此，最终新种子的产生被保证，是依靠产生的花粉数量要大大超过实际的使用量。
15.因为，潜在的危险，花粉粒在长途运输中所要遭受的潜在危险是巨大的，风媒传粉的植物，按上述观点来看，补偿了在偶然事件中伴随产生的花粉损失，通过的优点是，生产出的花粉数量比那些依靠昆虫传粉的植物所产生的花粉数量大一到三个数量级。
16.他们得出结论，这些戏剧性的技术创新，比如纺织机、缝纫机、打字机、以及真空吸尘器，并没有产生相同的戏剧性的社会变化，在妇女的经济地位方面，或者在普遍的对妇女工作的评价方面。
17.工业革命期间，雇佣年轻妇女到纺织厂工作，这在很大程度上是一种延伸，雇佣年轻的、单身女性作为女佣人这种古老模式的延伸。
18.不是办公室技术的改变，而是秘书工作的分离，过去秘书工作被看作是新来的经理们的一种学徒一样的实习，从管理工作中分离，在十九世纪八十年代，产生了新的一种“没前途”的职业，从此以后，被认为是“女人的工作。”
19.二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外工作的人数不断增加，这与家务的机械化以及这些妇女空闲时间的增加没有多大关系，更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要以及较高的结婚率有关，较高的结婚率使能雇佣的单身妇女的总量减少，过去，在多数情况下，(单身女性)是唯一被雇佣的妇女。
20.但是，从根本上来讲，妇女的工作状况几乎没有变化，从工业革命之前一直到现在：按照性别区分的职业，对妇女整体较低的工资，工作，要求相对比较低的技能，并且几乎不给妇女提供晋升的机会的工作，上述三点仍然存在，同时，妇女的家务劳动仍然要求很高。
21.当然，争吵还会发生在造反派之间，争执在所难免，但是，十八世纪美国社会的巨大流动性(很明显除了奴隶之外)经常可以阻止这些争吵沿着阶级路线恶化。
22.社会结构事实上是如此具有流动性——尽管最近的数据表明，存在一个越来越狭窄的经济机会，随着该世纪后半期地发展——以致于要谈论社会阶层的话，就必须采用一些模糊的经济分类，比如富人、穷人、和中产阶级，或者十八世纪的名称，象“比较好的一类”。
23.尽管，在这种敌对态度下面存在阶级冲突的低音(不太明显)，但是这种对抗主要是地区性的。地区性冲突——也存在于北方与南方之间——值得进一步研究。
24.但是，那些强调完成(实现)的历史学家，殖民者之间普遍一致意见的实现，这些历史学家不能够完全理解那种一致意见，如果不明白，冲突是被克服或者压制之后，为了达成一致意见。
25.最近，显然成功的预测,通过数学模型，关于El Nino现象——温暖的洋流，周期性地出现在南美洲太平洋沿岸——这个预测使研究者很兴奋。
26.用了几个月横穿太平洋，R波到达太平洋海盆的西部边界，被模拟成一堵平滑的墙壁，但是实际上，是由很不规则的岛屿链组成，比如，菲律宾群岛和印度尼西亚群岛。
27.这种有关于精神与肉体的考虑，或者更普遍地讲，人类知识的本质，他们相信，都是基本的人类问题，其探索性的哲学答案已经成为一个必要的基础，其它所有的智力思考都是以此为基础的。
28.在十七世纪，当笛卡尔和霍布斯抛弃中世纪哲学
的时候，他们并没有象现代哲学家那样，认为自己是在提出一种全新的和更好的哲学，而是认为自己是在促进“科学与神学的战争”。
29.他们战斗，尽管是小心翼翼的，是为了使思想世界向新科学敞开大门，并且把思想生活从教会哲学中解放出来，他们把自己的工作看成是对发展作出的贡献，不是在对哲学的贡献，而是对数学和物理学的贡献。
30.这种哲学兴趣与科学实践之间的联系一直持续到十九世纪，这时候，教会压制学术界的力量已经衰退，以及科学在性质上的变化，导致了哲学与这两者的最终分离。
31.哲学从科学中分离出来，受到十九世纪早期一种新观念发展的推动，这个观念是，哲学的核心兴趣应该是认识论，即对认识事物作出一般性解释。
32.现代哲学家把这个观察至少追溯到笛卡尔和斯宾诺莎,但是，直到十八世纪晚期，才由康德(Kant)明确地提出来，并且直到十九世纪晚期才被加入到学术机构的框架中，才被加入到哲学教授的标准自我描述中。
33.形而上学，作为哲学的传统核心——被认为是对天与地是如何结合在一起的最一般的描述——已经被壮观的物理学发展搞得几乎完全没有意义了。
34.但是，康德通过把哲学汇聚到认识的问题上，用认识论取代了形而上学，并且因此把哲学从“科学之王”的观念，转变为一门独立的、基础的学科的新观念。
35.在这种观点下，下文是不可避免的，修辞艺术从被认为是有可疑的价值的地位(因为尽管它可能是快乐的来源，和促使人们正确行动的方法，但是，它也可能是歪曲事实的手段，和被误导的行为的来源)转变到彻底被谴责的地位。
36.但是那些拒绝修辞思想的人，他们认为修辞是在说谎，以及那些同时想要打动别人的人，要么自己是撒谎者，要么就是天真幼稚;纯粹的逻辑从来不具有说服力，除非它服从于人类的目的、情感、以及欲望，这样一来它也就不再是纯粹的逻辑了。
37.对于合金密度的计算，以伯纳尔建立的金属模型为基础的计算，很大程度上等同于实验中测量的结果，测量是针对于贵重金属和非金属的合金，比如说，钯和硅的合金，或者由铁、磷、和碳组成的合金，尽管还存在一些小的差异。
38.玻璃金属的一个最有前途的特性，是它的高强度与高延展性相结合。在普通的晶体材料中，人们会发现这两种性质之间的相反关系，但是对于许多实际应用来说，两种特性的同时存在才是人们所追求的。
39.剩下的障碍，对于实际应用来说，一个有可能被克服的障碍，是下面的事实，玻璃金属将会结晶，在相对低的温度下，当被稍微加热的时候。
40.但是Walzer的论点，虽然很不完善，却真正指出了资本主义最严重的一个弱点——也就是，它把一些人放到社会的主导地位，这些人无论用怎样合法的方式获得了其物质报酬，却常常缺少其它的品质(能力)，能唤起别人的爱戴和赞美的能力。
41.一些人甚至很有道理地指出，这个弱点可能是无法补救的：在任何类似于资本主义的社会，它始终追求越来越富有，在物质方面，不成比例的报酬肯定会流到那些人中，这些人对增加社会财富有帮助。
42.人们逐渐认识到，唯一有效的方法来进一步减少车辆尾气的排放量——除了大规模减少私人汽车——替换传统的柴油和汽油，用燃烧得更加清洁的燃料，比如说压缩天然气、液化石油气、乙醇、或者甲醇。
43.这些戏剧因素，连同(并列关系)一种强烈的社会或者政治目的，以及对话中西班牙语、英语、和美籍墨西哥人方言的混合使用，这种混合使用真实地捕捉住到美籍墨西哥人的对话韵味(特点)，仍然是特征，acto戏剧和现在大多数其它形式的美国墨西哥戏剧的特征。
44.Actos戏剧的即兴的喜剧讽刺，经常被归功于Valdez对16世纪意大利c.d.a.(即兴喜剧)的研究，尽管有些评论家把它看作是直接反映，对于同时代的地方性的墨西哥carpas戏剧中喜剧和即兴特点的反映(影响)。
45.意大利的影响是可能的，不管Valdez的直接来源是什么：墨西哥carpas戏剧据说本身就来源于16世纪西班牙作家的戏剧作品，而这些西班牙作家受到启发，是因为遇到了(观看)意大利c.d.a.
剧团在西班牙的巡回演出。
46.但是，最近的发现，这三种动物的鳍足的骨骼结构都有详细的类似之处，这个发现削弱了下文的企图，即把表面上的类似解释为趋同进化的结果——是指类似结构的独立发展，在不相关的种群之间，对于类似的环境压力的反应。
47.人类过量的摄入(成人每天超过4毫克)多年以后会导致骨骼氟中毒，一种容易识别的骨骼混乱(病症)，而且在某些植物中，氟化物的毒性要比臭氧、二氧化硫或者杀虫剂都大。
48.而且，虽然来自于水和空气中的氟化物摄入量相对容易测量，但是却难以测量出特定的人口从食物中摄入的氟化物含量，因为有很大的区别存在于个人的饮食习惯和不同食物的氟含量当中。 |
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发表于 2016-7-9 23:17:41