2011英语四级考试基础长难句100例

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　　2011英语四级考试基础长难句100例
　　1. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.
　　2. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter.
　　3. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growth, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
　　4. Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree.
　　5. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employer.
　　U1-p278 We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
　　并列，value－词性变化
　　6. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.
　　7. Then she writes a care plan centred on the patient's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.
　　8. For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies- and other creatures - learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true.
　　9. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger.
　　10. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
　　11.Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble " when the display came on.
　　12. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
　　13. When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty, or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.
　　14. Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
　　15. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores.
　　16. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
　　17. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
　　18. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.
　　19. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority it must be given over general language development and writing ability.
　　20. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child's deep feelings.
　　21. A breakthrough in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra, Near Milan.
　　22. The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy programme, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending, it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide s much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
　　23. The sight of Barney Clark---alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal-and-plastic pump---convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the tuture ahd arrived.
　　24. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U.S Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them.
　　25. Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed, along with a tiny power pack, in the patient's chest.
　　26. Statuses are marvellous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we "fit" in society.
　　27. Most of us, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require.
　　28. It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.
　　29. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出的全部声音)。
　　30. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity.
　　31. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
　　32. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
　　33. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.
　　34. People will be alert and receptive (愿意接受的) if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in.
　　35. Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work.
　　36. Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups.
　　37. Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.
　　38. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details, important notwithstanding, as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby  carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing.
　　39. We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless.
　　40. Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his lifetime.
　　41. "Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs," says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, "yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed."
　　42.Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house---while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
　　43. I think it certain that in decades, not centuries, machines of silicon will arise first to rival and then exceed their human ancestors.
　　44. As the intelligence of robots increases to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstand environments, harmful to ourselves. Thus, deserts may bloom and the ocean beds be mined. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power.
　　45. Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4.30 a.m. on a holiday, when traffic was light on the city's highways. In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city's buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes.
　　46. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariable includes plants that don't have pet problems.
            
            

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　　47. Heat, too, makes our environment endurable.
　　48. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage.
　　49. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage---a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed children or even grandchildren.
　　50. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.
　　51. Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand.
　　52. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.
　　53. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyse the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations;  but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as "cultural", which modify the physical and biological factors.
　　54. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.
　　55. The speaker, a teacher from a community college, addressed a sympathetic audience.
　　56. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
　　57. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
　　58. A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading. It is remarkable first for what it contains: the range of news from local crime to international politics, form sport to business to fashion to science and the range of comment and special features　(特写) as well, from editorial page to feature articles and interviews to criticism of books, art theatre, and music.
　　59. What each person does is to put together, out of the pages or that day's paper, his own selection and sequence, his own newspaper. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.
　　60. In fact, says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, "There's even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep."
　　61. Violin prodigies, I learned, have come in distinct waves from distinct regions.
　　62. Another element in the emergence of prodigies, I found, is a society that values excellence in a certain field and is able to nurture talent.
　　63. The Koreans and Chinese, as we know, are just as highly motivated as the Japanese.
　　64. But it will be the driver's responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.
　　65. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make sure these circumstances apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.
　　66. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
　　67. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.
　　68. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know, and make men of them.
　　69. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.
　　70. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.
　　71. Yet, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to educate father is a difficult task.
　　72. It is argued by some writers that the transition to the father's role, although difficult, is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mother's role.
　　73. At times, however, we become aware of it.
　　74. Although April did not bring us the rains we all hoped for, and although the Central Valley doesn't generally experience the atmospheric sound and lighting that can accompany those rains, it's still important for parents to be able to answer the youthful questions about thunder and lightning.
　　75.  Consider, for example, the common belief that things like personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths "happen in threes."
　　76. The impression is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find that we have become largely a society of musical spectators.
　　77. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
　　78. Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage) and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult to draw from our point of view.
　　79. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of technicians.
　　80. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the parts of the world that have the greatest populations.
　　81. A reporter who has visited plants throughout Europe has an impression that the pace of work is much slower here.
　　82. For every social situation, there is a permissible time that you can hold a person's gaze without being intimate, rude, or aggressive.
　　83. Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an elevator, you will make the other person exceedingly uncomfortable, and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself.
　　84. On September 5th his suggestion bore fruit, as an estimated 10,000 workers, many of them ignoring their bosses' warnings, left work to march from Union Square up Fifth Avenue to 42dn Street.
　　85. The quick adoption of the scheme may have indicated less about the state lawmakers' respect for working people than about a fear of risking their anger.
　　86. In the old days, children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. This is perhaps the first generation of American youngsters who have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member.
　　87. Nowadays when people grow old, we often send them to nursing homes. When they get sick, we transfer them to a hospital, where children are forbidden to visit terminally ill patients---even when those patients are their parents. This deprives the dying patient of significant family members during the last few days of his life and it deprives the children of an experience of death, which is an important learning experience.
　　88. Some of my colleagues and I once interviewed and followed approximately 500 terminally ill patients in order to find out what they could teach us and how we could be of more benefit, not just to them but to the members of their families as well.
　　89. Many of them shared with us their tremendous need to be informed, to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition and to be told when the end was near. We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able to cope with the approach of death and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death.
　　90. Faces, like fingerprints, are unique.
　　91. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people's behaviour.
　　92. Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether, as many smoker say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate."
　　93. There is no denying that students should learn something about how computers work, just as we expect them at least to understand that the internal-combustion engine has something to do with burning fuel, expanding gases and pistons being driven.
　　94. It sounds like "learning to drive a car", that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer.
　　95. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants.
　　96. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus.
　　97. The view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched roof cottages around a church; a drive through a narrow village street lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rolling hills of a pretty collection of thatched farm buildings---these are still common sights in parts of England.
　　98. President Coolidge's statement, "The business of America is business," still points to an important truth today---that business institutions have more prestige in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government.
　　99. A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. Because business is competitive, many Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than government, even though government leaders are elected by the people and business leaders are not. Many people believe, then, that competition is as important, or even more important, than democracy in preserving freedom.
　　100. For example, some advertisers have appealed to people's desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage.
　　101. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.