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新东方:2013上海秋季高级口译笔试阅读答案解析(下)

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发表于 2016-7-11 16:58:54 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  【新东方课程简介】 东方口译课程规划:口译名师指导
  Q1-Q3
  Analog-era minds have a hard time processing a key product of the digital era: the staggering amount of information being created, collected and correlated. What's called "big data" already identifies flu outbreaks and treatments for premature babies, and it predicts apartment overcrowding and airline delays. Explaining this is the focus of a new book, "Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think," written by Oxford scholar Viktor Mayer-Schonberger and Kenneth Cukier, data editor of The Economist. The book should spur policy makers to rethink how to protect privacy while enabling more access to data.
  Big data differs from traditional information in mind-bending ways. For one thing, the authors write, "society will need to shed some of its obsession for causality in exchange for simple correlations: not knowing why but only what. This overturns centuries of established practices and challenges our most basic understanding of how to make decisions and comprehend reality."
  Until recently, big data made for interesting anecdotes, but now it has become a major source of new knowledge. Google  is better than the Centers for Disease Control at identifying flu outbreaks. Google monitors billions of search terms and adds location details to track outbreaks. When Wal-Mart analyzed correlations using its customer data and weather, it found that before storms, people buy more flashlights but also more Pop-Tarts, even though marketers can't establish a causal relationship between weather and toaster pastries.
  本段出现考点Why does the author say that big data "has become a major source of new knowledge"? (para.3) 因为英文段落中的每个句子均要服从整个段落大意,所以对于句子的解释应该从段落的意思出发。如今"大数据"已经成为新知识的主要来源。在流感爆发的判别上,谷歌公司比疾控中心做的还要好些。谷歌监控着数百亿搜索关键词,添加了很多"本地"信息来追踪流感爆发。另一个例子是沃尔玛超市,他们分析了顾客的购买数据和天气之间的关系,并发现在风暴来临之前,人们会购买更多的手电筒,同时还有更多的poptarts。看懂这些内容,我们就知道"新知识"指的是什么了。
  Technology researchers in Canada analyzed premature births, tracking more than 1,000 data points per second. They shocked doctors by showing that when vital signs are unusually stable, that correlates with a serious fever 24 hours later. Physicians now prevent fevers through treatment though causation remains a mystery.
  Data scientists working for New York City analyzed hundreds of data points to predict where owners were illegally subdividing houses and apartments, which leads to overcrowding and raises the risk of serious fires. By tracking data, including foreclosure proceedings and reports of rodents, inspectors were able to filter complaints so efficiently that they found dangerous conditions 70% of the time they inspected, an increase from 13%.Air travelers can now figure out which flights are likeliest to be on time, thanks to data scientists who tracked a decade of flight history correlated with weather patterns. Credit scores predict who needs reminders to take medicine. Publishers use data from text analysis and social networks to give readers personalized news.
  Using big data to improve health care is one of the biggest opportunities, but current laws make it hard to mine even data aggregated from many patients. If we had electronic records of Americans going back generations, we'd know more about genetic propensities, correlations among symptoms, and how to individualize treatments.
  "Instead of focusing on the problems of inadvertent disclosure or misuse, which are admittedly very real," Mr. Cukier said in an interview, "we need to balance those risks with the great potential of making health-care data available to researchers. I'm certain that in the future, we will be aghast if doctors don't turn to big data to aid them in treating patients, just as today we'd be terrified if a pilot tried to land a jumbo jet without computer instrumentation."Mr. Cukier's book is a best seller in China. "Big data is emerging just as China is now strong, and so it's an area where they may be able to be a global leader, and steal a march on Silicon Valley," he says. In the U.S., much of the privacy debate has focused on targeted online advertising. The authors identify more worrisome issues, such as "penalties based on propensities."
  本段出现了第二个考点:What the main points of Mr. Cukier are as expressed in his interview? Cukier说的话都集中在这一段,所以与上一题一样,看懂段意即可。我们不应该只看泄密或滥用信息的事件,而是应该把这些奉献与研究者可以使用的巨大信息量进行平衡。未来的医生一定会使用到巨大的数据库来诊断病情。大信息库随着中国国力的强盛正在渐渐出现。
  Law enforcement is using data to identify streets, groups and even individuals to track through "predictive policing." This is fine so long as it doesn't extend, as the movie "Minority Report" imagined, to punishing people for crimes the data say they likely will commit. "If we hold people responsible for predicted future acts," the authors warn, "we also deny that humans have a capacity for moral choice." Big data shouldn't "become a tool to collectivize human choice and abandon free will."
  这里出现第三题:What are the possible problems related to law enforcement in using big data?的定位。
  The authors compare policy choices arising from big data to how governments responded to the printing press by censoring books and newspapers: "As centuries passed, we opted for more information flows rather than less, and to guard against its excesses not primarily through censorship but through rules that limited the misuse of information."Wise policy on big data will follow the precedent of the printing press to allow broader access to information, while finding creative ways to limit its misuse. Big data is too big a deal to suppress.
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-11 17:44:56 | 显示全部楼层

  Q4-Q6
  Recently, Alex Stenner, a sophomore at the University of Wisconsin - Green Bay, saved hundreds of dollars on tuition and hours spent in class. He signed up for a free online introduction to psychology course offered by Education Portal, of Mountain View, Calif.; crammed his studying into two weeks over the Christmas holidays; and then took the College Board's College Level Examination Program (CLEP).After he passed that exam, his university awarded him academic credit for the psychology course. That meant he'd obtained the course credits for only $90 - the cost of taking the CLEP - versus "having to pay $750 [to] $900 to take the course from the university," says Mr. Stenner.He now hopes "to be able to take up to four more courses this way."
  As college costs mount, Americans are looking for creative ways to cut tuition bills. Two recent initiatives are getting lots of attention. One is the advent of massive open online courses (MOOCs), which are free courses open to anyone. The second is the debut inTexas of the $10,000 tuition plan."If [widely] adopted, those two ideas would certainly lower students' cost of college," says Richard Vedder, director of The Center for College Affordability and Productivity in Washington. "They're clearly viable plans, since they exist in some forms already."The $10,000 tuition plan addresses college costs directly. Proposed in 2011 by Texas Gov. Rick Perry, the plan calls for creating a degree program capped at $10,000 for tuition and textbooks at Texas' public colleges and universities. Colleges could accomplish this through a variety of methods, such as using online courses, followed by competency-based exams; partnering with community colleges that offer a year of courses before the student transfers to a four-year institution; and having students enroll in some college classes while still in high school.
  本段出现考点:What does the case of Alex Stenner tell us? What are the MOOCs? 第一问的定位在第一段和第二段开头:这名学生通过网络学习,以极低的价格获得了同样的学分。MOOC的定位在第二段。
  本段是另一题考点:What is the Texas $10000 tuition plan? Why does Thomas Lindsay say it is sparking a "revolution"? 答题定位在划线句子部分。这个计划旨在大幅度削减大学学费,于2011年由德州政府提出。该计划建立了一套取得学位的课程,最多需要1万美元学费和书本费。大学可以通过多种方式实现该计划,如在线课程配合能力考试等。
  The idea is sparking "a revolution," says Thomas Lindsay, head of the Center for Higher Education at the Texas Public Policy Foundation in Austin.Already, 13 Texas public universities have adopted some variation on the $10,000 degree. In November, Florida's Gov. Rick Scott challenged his state's community colleges to offer $10,000 bachelor's degrees. California Assemblyman Dan Logue has introduced a bill that would limit tuition to no more than $10,000 for undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and math degrees at California's state universities.
  Not everyone is a fan. Critics point out that the tuition cap may save money for students, but it does little to help colleges and universities shave costs. It's "a populist gimmick by lawmakers," says Daniel Hurley, director of state relations and policy analysis at the American Association of State Colleges and Universities in Washington. This "diversionary rhetoric" is destined to "be short-lived."Voters seem skeptical, too. Only 29 percent of Florida voters in a December poll by Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Conn., believe it's "somewhat" or "very" likely that Florida colleges will be able to offer four-year degree programs for $10,000.The other cost-cutting initiative, online MOOC offerings, has been surging in popularity, especially over the past year. These free courses offer anyone, anywhere, the chance to obtain instruction from big-name schools, in many cases.
  本段出现了另一个考点:What are the views of critic and voters? What are the major problems with online courses?本段开头就提出并非每个人都支持这个计划。虽然省掉了学生的费用,然而大学却很难省钱,因此有人批评这是政客们拉拢人心的小伎俩。批评者认为这种做法注定"长不了"。选民看来也不买账,只有布道三分之一的选民认为计划可能付诸实施。
  Among the best-known providers in the United States are edX, which developed out of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Coursera and Udacity, which originated out of Stanford University. These MOOC providers partner with top colleges and universities, or specific professors, to obtain their materials.In addition, some universities are creating free online courses for their own use. Some businesses have also begun offering online courses, although the courses aren't always free.More than 2.4 million people are enrolled currently in offerings of Coursera, based in Mountain View, Calif., while Udacity, of Palo Alto, Calif., has some 1 million enrollees - including fully 240,000 in Udacity's introduction to computer science course, says its chief executive officer, Sebastian Thrun. In addition, edX, of Cambridge, Mass., claims close to 600,000 students.
  The catch: MOOCs are rarely accepted for college credit - although they may provide certificates of course completion. They also have very high (some say 90 percent) dropout rates.
  And for colleges, they raise troubling questions about how online courses fit into an overall college experience, how to maintain educational quality in cut-rate college courses, and how to raise revenue if more students migrate to free online courses.Those are questions colleges will have to answer if these cost-cutting initiatives are to gain traction. (《基督教科学箴言报》)
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-11 18:39:58 | 显示全部楼层

  Q7-Q10
  Coming soon to a theater near you: a multimillion-dollar battle over coming attractions.Theater owners are squeezing extra coin out of film companies by charging them to play the trailers for their upcoming movies.Traditionally, theater owners were happy to run the advertisements for upcoming movies on the understanding that they drove box-office receipts and concession-stand sales. Studios paid to make the trailers and cinemas screened them. Each movie came with two coming attractions attached, while others ran at the discretion of the theater.
  第一题考点便出现在首段和第二段之中。What is a trailer? What is the multimillion dollar battle between theater chains and studios?首段开头说,关于即将出现的热点将出现价值过亿的战争。划线句子出现了trailer这个词,那么答案就在第二句和第三句中:trailer是一种传统方式,为即将上映的电影做广告。而关于这场大战的解释则在前两段之中。
  But now theater owners, realizing the value of having Hollywood's target audience already in the theater, have begun charging movie companies to run their trailers. Although some trailers still run for free, movie distributors complain that they're increasingly being asked to pay to get their trailers played - or get shut out."We've reached the tipping point," said Jeffrey Neuman, chief executive of Verites, a Burbank company paid by studios to check theaters to see that trailers are being shown and that marketing materials such as lobby cards and standees are in place. "If you're not one of the ones paying for trailers, you're left struggling for placement."
  本段还出现了另一题考点: what does Jeffrey Newman mean by saying "we've reached the tipping point"(para.2)答案在划线部分。
  In one controversial move, the nation's largest cinema chain, Regal Entertainment Group, recently cut the number of trailers that studios can run with their own movies for free from two to one. Some studio executives are privately grumbling about the practice, upset that they are being asked to pay still more to a supposed partner that typically keeps half the box-office receipts."It's logical a theater operator has an obligation to market studios' movies, when we're spending hundreds of millions of dollars on [making] each one," said one studio executive who asked not to be identified because of the sensitive nature of the topic. "But they have gone all the way around to wanting to be paid."
  Four of the major studios - 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Universal Pictures and Warner Bros. - reportedly have made annual marketing deals worth several million dollars with theater chains such as Regal and AMC Entertainment. In exchange, the studios are exempt from the one-free-trailer-only rule and get the best possible placement.Walt Disney Studios and Paramount Pictures don't have such deals, while smaller studios may pay as much as $100,000 to play a trailer for one film.Some coming attractions still make it on the screen through studio executives lobbying and cajoling contacts at theaters with whom they have long-standing relationships. But such old-fashioned methods that don't involve payments are increasingly rare.
  Large theater chains won't publicly acknowledge that they charge for trailers, nor will the studios that pay them.But within the film and exhibition industries, it's common knowledge - and a growing source of resentment."Everybody says, 'No, no, there's no money ever paid to show trailers,' but we know that's not the case for some of the big boys," said Rafe Cohen, president of Galaxy Theatres, a Sherman Oaks chain that operates 115 screens. "For us little guys, we'd love to charge for trailers, but we don't have the leverage."
  本段有一个考点 what is the common knowledge within the film and theater industries? Why does the author say it is a "growing source of resentment"?考生可将本段内容进行总结。
  The dispute marks the latest flare-up between film companies and exhibitors, whose symbiotic relationship has been strained in recent years. Turning trailers into a business, some fear, could add to the tension."What makes this business run are trailers," said Chuck Viane, a former president of distribution for Walt Disney Studios. "When the right trailers aren't seen by the public with the right movie, that can hurt the box office."
  Although Regal's one-trailer-only rule is new, the free trailer system began to break down in 2001, when Sony paid to advertise its comedy "The Animal" in front of the hit Universal movie "The Mummy Returns." That aberration soon became the norm, with pay-for-play accelerating in the last two years.As they rose in value, the total number of trailers shown before a movie started going up. Three or four was the norm a decade ago. Regal and AMC theaters now run six or seven before every feature. "The number of trailers has absolutely exploded," said Federico Ponce, owner of High Res Hype, a graphic and design company that has worked on trailers for such movies as "The Avengers" and "Iron Man." "When we started out, we'd work on one or two trailers every four months. Now we're doing three or four trailers at the same time."
  The competition is fierce, and prices high, to run a trailer in front of popular movies such as "The Hobbit." Theater chains typically receive $25,000 to $100,000 to run a spot before a popular film at half their theaters - saving an equal amount of time at the other half of their theaters for another paid trailer. Theater owners charge more for the final trailer before a movie starts because, Neuman said, "There's a big difference between how many people see the first trailer and the last."
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