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发表于 2016-7-11 11:00:43
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新加坡《联合早报》记者：温总理您好。新加坡《联合早报》记者。很高兴能在您最后一次的两会后记者会上提问。我的问题是，最近几年您多次在不同场合提到了政治体制改革，引起了很大的关注。请问您多次反复提到政治体制改革的原因在哪里？中国推进政治体制改革的难度又在什么地方？谢谢。
Lianhe Zaobao: in recent years, you have addressed the topic of political structural reform on many occasions, which has drawn wide attention. What is the reason that you address the topic repeatedly? What is the difficulty for China to advance political structural reform?
温家宝：是的，这些年我多次谈到政治体制改革，应该说已经比较全面和具体了。如果问我为什么关注这件事情，我出于责任感。粉碎“四人帮”以后，我们党虽然作出了若干历史问题的决议，实行了改革开放。但是“文革”的错误和封建的影响，并没有完全清除。随着经济的发展，又产生了分配不公、诚信缺失、贪污腐败等问题。我深知解决这些问题，不仅要进行经济体制改革，而且要进行政治体制改革，特别是党和国家领导制度的改革。
Wen: Yes, I have talked about political structural reform on many occasions in recent years. It should be said that I have elaborated my views on this topic comprehensively and in great details. If you ask why I'm so concerned about this topic, I would like to say it is because of my sense of responsibility. After the crackdown of the Gang of Four, our Party adopted the resolution on the several historical issues since the founding of New China and launched reform and opening up. However, the mistake of the Cultural Revolution and the impact of feudalism have yet to be fully eliminated. As the economy grows, such new problems as unfair distribution, lack of credibility and corruption have emerged. I am fully aware that to resolve these issues we must conduct not only economic structural reform but also political structural reform, especially reform of the leadership system of the Party and the state.
现在改革到了攻坚阶段，没有政治体制改革的成功，经济体制改革不可能进行到底，已经取得的成果还有可能得而复失，社会上新产生的问题，也不能从根本上得到解决，文化大革命这样的历史悲剧还有可能重新发生。每个有责任的党员和领导干部都应该有紧迫感。
Now the reform has come to a critical stage. Without a successful political structural reform, it is impossible for us to completely carry out the economic structural reform, the achievements of reform and development we have gained might be lost, the new problems faced by the Chinese society might not be fundamentally resolved and such historical tragedy as the Cultural Revolution might happen again. All the Party members and government leaders with a sense of responsibility should fully recognize this urgent task.
当然，我深知改革的难度，主要是任何一项改革必须有人民的觉醒、人民的支持、人民的积极性和创造精神。在中国这样有13亿人口的大国，又必须从国情出发，循序渐进地建立社会主义民主政治。这不是一件轻而易举的事情，但是改革只能前进，不能停滞，更不能倒退，停滞和倒退都没有出路。
Of course, I'm fully aware of the difficulty of the reform. Without the consciousness, support, enthusiasm and creativity of the people, no reform can succeed. In such a big country with a population of 1.3 billion as China, we must build socialist democracy step by step bearing in mind China's national conditions. It will not be an easy process. But the reform can only move forward. It cannot stagnate or even retrogress because stagnation or retrogression offers no way out.
我知道，人们不仅看我说什么、我的理想和信念，更看我通过自己的努力能够实现什么样的目标。我可以对大家讲，为了中国的改革开放事业，只要还有一口气，我就奋斗一天。谢谢！
I know that people are interested in not only what I say and what my ideal and belief is but more in what results my efforts can achieve. I would like to tell you that I will dedicate myself fully to China's cause of reform and opening up so long as I have breath.
《人民日报》记者：总理您好，人民日报社记者提问。最近一轮房地产市场调控，大家都非常关注，中央的决心很大，力度也很大，一些城市的房价已经开始回落。请问总理，住房价格回落到什么程度才算是达到了调控目标？另外，面对经济增速放缓和地方财政压力，楼市调控会不会半途而废？谢谢。
People's Daily: The recent round of housing market regulation has drawn wide attention. The central authorities have shown strong resolve and adopted tough measures. Housing price in some cities has started falling. My question is how much the housing price should drop to be considered as reaching the regulation target. In addition, with slowdown of economic growth and pressure on local finance, will this round of regulation be abandoned halfway?
温家宝：我最近出于一种责任感，把从2003年开始的房地产调控认真地回顾了一下。其实我们在2003年已经提出了6条调控措施，2005年又制定了国八条，2006年又制定了国六条。但是，为什么调控不见成效？群众也在责怪我们，说房价越调越高，政策不出中南海。我听到了感到十分痛心。我觉得房地产市场关系到财政、金融、土地、企业等各项政策，涉及到中央和地方的利益关系，特别是地方从土地出让中获取大量的收入。涉及到金融企业和房地产企业的利益，改革的阻力相当之大。
Wen: Called by a sense of responsibility, I recently reviewed carefully the housing market regulatory measures which had been launched since 2003. In fact, we have released six regulatory measures in 2003, formulated eight measures in 2005 and adopted another six measures in 2006. However, why those measures have not made any difference? People are blaming us, saying that the more regulatory measures there are, the higher housing price will be and that our regulatory policy cannot make its way out of Zhongnanhai. I feel deeply depressed by such remarks. I know that the housing market is influenced by the fiscal, financial and land policies and involves the interests of the central and local governments and the interests of financial institutions and real estate companies. Our regulation has encountered massive resistance.
为什么这两年房地产调控在艰难中看到一点曙光？有所进展。首先是我们调控的决心坚定而不动摇；其次，我们抓住了一个抑制投机和投资性需求的要害问题，采取了有针对性的政策措施。
Why only in the past two years we have seen a glimmer of hope and some progress of housing market regulation? It is because first we have very firm resolve and second we have identified the crucial issue of curbing speculative and investment-driven demand and adopted targeted policy measures.
对于房地产市场，我有个基本看法，那就是中国有13亿多人口，又处在工业化和城镇化阶段，对住房的需求是刚性的，而且将会是持续的。当然，我们说住有其居，并不意味着住者有其屋。从方向上看，应该鼓励更多的人租房。
I have a basic view about the housing market, which is that China has a population of 1.3 billion and is in a stage of rapid industrialization and urbanization and therefore the demand for housing is firm and will always exist. Of course, we have been trying to provide adequate housing for all the people, but it does not mean that everyone should own their home. Our direction should be to encourage more people to rent.
关于房地产市场发展，我有几个观点：第一，要保持房地产长期平稳和健康发展。如果盲目发展，出现经济泡沫，一旦破灭，不仅影响房地产市场，而且会拖累整个经济。第二，什么叫房价合理回归？我以为合理的房价，应该是使房价与居民的收入相适应，房价与投入和合理的利润相匹配。现在我可以明确地告诉大家，房价还远远没有回到合理价位。因此，调控不能放松。如果放松，将前功尽弃，而且会造成房地产市场的混乱，不利于房地产长期健康和稳定发展。第三，房地产的发展，毫无疑问要充分发挥市场配置资源的基础性作用，就是说要充分利用市场这只手。但是政府这只手也不可以缺少，因为它更具有稳定性和促进公平。谢谢。
With regard to the development of housing market, I have several opinions: first, we should maintain the long-term, stable and healthy growth of the real estate industry. If we allow it to develop blindly, there will emerge bubble in the housing sector. Once the bubble bursts, it will not only impact the real estate market but also drag down the entire economy. Second, what does bringing the housing price to a reasonable level mean? I think that a reasonable housing price should match people's income, the construction cost and reasonable profit. Now, I'd like to tell you clearly that in some places the housing price is still far from falling to a reasonable level. Therefore, we shall not loosen the regulation. Otherwise, our previous efforts will be wasted and the housing market will plunge into chaos, which will undermine the long-term, healthy and stable development of the housing market. Third, when developing the housing market, we should undoubtedly make best use of the fundamental role of market in allocating resources, or use the hand of the market. However, the hand of the government is also indispensable because it can ensure stability and promote equality.
香港无线电视记者：总理您好，我来自香港无线电视。总理您2003年曾经访问过香港，九年过去了，香港也发生了很多的变化，而我们也将迎来新的变化。对于现在进行的香港特首选举，请问总理您有什么看法？另外除了政府换届和欧债危机等挑战外，您认为香港还面临着哪些深层次的问题有待解决？最后对于香港未来的发展您有什么祝愿？谢谢。
Hong Kong TVB: Mr. Premier, you visited Hong Kong in 2003. Nine years have passed and Hong Kong has experienced many changes since your last visit. We will embrace new changes in the future as well. What is your view about the ongoing election of Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government? Except the challenges brought by the change of government and the European debt crisis, what are the other underlying issues you think Hong Kong needs to address? How do you see the future development of Hong Kong?
温家宝：我是爱香港的。2003年我曾经去过一次香港，我在那里用了黄遵宪先生的一句诗来形容：寸寸河山寸寸金。香港回归15年了，15年香港发展的变化证明了“一国两制”、“港人治港”、高度自治具有强大的生命力。
Wen: I have deep love for Hong Kong. When I visited Hong Kong in 2003, I quoted a line from Mr. Huang Zongxian's poem to describe my feeling about Hong Kong. It reads "every inch of mountain and river on this land is as precious as gold". Hong Kong has been back to the motherland for 15 years. Changes in Hong Kong over the past 15 years show that the principles of "one country, two systems", "Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy have strong vitality.
在这15年当中，香港走过的路也不平常，遇到了两次金融危机。但是在特区政府领导下，港人共同努力战胜了金融危机，香港至今仍保持着国际金融的地位和高度的自由经济。2011年香港的人均GDP达到3.42万美金，是历史上最高，就业也处于较好的水平。但是香港现在是困难与机遇同在，一方面金融危机和欧债危机的影响和压力还存在；另一方面，香港还面临着经济下行和通胀的双重压力。在这种情况下，香港必须努力发展经济、改善民生、推进民主、保持社会和谐，而且重点解决好社会公平、物价高涨、居民住房和教育与医疗等重大问题。
Over the past 15 years, Hong Kong has experienced twists and turns and encountered two financial crises. However, under the leadership of the SAR government and with the joint efforts of the Hong Kong compatriots, Hong Kong has successfully overcome the financial crises and maintained its status of international financial center and a high degree of free market economy. In 2011, the per capita GDP of Hong Kong reached a historical high of US$34,200 and employment was in a good condition. Hong Kong now faces both difficulties and opportunities. On the one hand, the financial crisis and the European debt crisis still exert impact and on the other hand, Hong Kong faces dual pressure of economic downturn and inflation. Under such circumstances, Hong Kong must work hard to develop the economy, improve people's livelihood, advance democracy and maintain social harmony. Particular efforts should be made to solve such major issues as social justice, price stability, housing, education and medical care of the people.
现在香港正在进行第四届特首的选举，我相信只要坚持公开、公正、公平的原则，并且严格依照法律程序办事，香港一定能够选出一个为多数港人所拥护的特首。
Currently, the election of the fourth Chief Executive of Hong Kong SAR government is underway. I believe that the Hong Kong compatriots will elect a chief executive who enjoys the support of the majority of Hong Kong people as long as the principle of openness, justice and fairness is observed and relevant legal procedures are strictly followed.
目前香港确实有困难，但是我想起邓小平先生的一句话：港人是能够治理好香港的，要有这个自信心。
At present, Hong Kong does face some difficulties, but I would like to quote Mr. Deng Xiaoping that "we should have confidence that Hong Kong people are able to run Hong Kong well".
我真想再去一次香港，到淘大花园看看那里的居民，到港大同学生们进行交流。请记者转达我对香港同胞的问候。谢谢。
I truly hope that I will have another opportunity to go to Hong Kong, to visit the residents of Amoy Garden and to talk to the students of the University of Hong Kong. I would like to ask the journalist from Hong Kong to convey my greetings to the Hong Kong compatriots.
《华盛顿邮报》记者：总理您好，我是《华盛顿邮报》的记者。一年以前，我的一个记者同事曾经向您问到一个关于在中国进行直选的问题，当时您表示这个进程应该是循序渐进的，首先中国老百姓应该证明他们有能力来管好一个村的事务，然后他们逐渐可以管好一个乡、一个县的事务。今年，在世界许多国家老百姓都将会通过直接选举选出自己的领导人，人们不禁要问，什么时候在中国的老百姓才能够通过这种竞争性、直接性的选举选出他们的领导人呢？
Washington Post: one year ago, you were asked by one of my colleagues about the possibility of elections in China. You said it had to come gradually step by step. The Chinese should first show that they can run a village and then a township. This year, people all over the world are electing their leaders in direct elections. That has had many people wondering and asking the question exactly when Chinese citizens will enjoy the same right to elect their leaders in a competitive and direct election.
温家宝：是的。我曾经不仅一次地提出过，要坚定不移地实行村民自治，并且保护村民直选的合法权利。现在农村村委会许多实践证明，农民通过直选村委会是成功的。他们不仅有高度的热情，而且按照村民自治法制定了严格的选举办法。我至今还是这样认为，群众能够管好一个村，就能够管好一个乡的事情；能够管好一个乡，就能够管好一个县的事情。我们应该按照这条道路鼓励群众大胆实践，并且在实践中使他们受到锻炼。我相信，中国的民主制度会依照中国的国情循序渐进地得到发展。这也是任何力量所阻挡不住的。谢谢。
Wen: I have said on several occasions that we must adhere to the practice of self-governance by villagers and the villagers' lawful right to directly elect the village committee must be protected. Many practices have proved that the direct election of village committee is successful. The villagers have not only shown strong enthusiasm but also formulated strict procedures of election according to the Villagers' Committee Organization Law. I still believe that if the people are able to run a village they will be able to run a township and then a county. We should continue to encourage the people to make pioneering explorations in this direction which will enhance their capabilities. I believe that democracy in China will be developed gradually in line with China's national conditions. No force can hold this process back.
《财经》杂志记者：总理您好，我是《财经》杂志的记者，我的提问是，今年的经济增速调低为7.5%，这是暂时性的减速，还是会变成常态性？中国经济是否已经告别了高增长的阶段？国际社会上在某种程度将度过经济危机的希望寄于中国经济的高速增长，现在中国调低了增速会对国际经济复苏产生哪些影响？谢谢。
Caijing: The GDP growth target for this year has been lowered to 7.5%. Is it just a temporary cut in the growth speed or is it more of a permanent one? Does it mean that this will be the end of China's high economic growth period? Secondly, the international community has, to some extent, placed the hope of tiding over the economic crisis on China's strong economic growth. How will China's downward adjustment of its economic growth target affect the global economic recovery?
温家宝：政府工作报告作了以后，世界上各种媒体反响最大的，就是关于中国经济增长的速度。我以为他们抓住了一个要害问题。这次我们将多年来8%以上的中国经济增速调低到7.5%，其主要目的就是要真正使经济增长转移到依靠科技进步和提高劳动者素质上来，真正实现高质量的增长，真正有利于经济结构调整和发展方式的转变，真正使中国经济的发展摆脱过度依赖资源消耗和污染环境，走上一条节约资源能耗，保护生态环境的正确道路上来，真正使中国经济的发展能最终惠及百姓的民生。
Wen: After I delivered the government work report, the highest attention from media organizations across the world has been paid to the annual growth target of China. I believe they have put their interest on a very important issue. For years, we have set the average annual growth target of the Chinese economy at around 8%, but this year we have set the target at 7.5%. This is because we want to shift China's economic growth towards the progress in science and technology and the higher educational level of the Chinese labor force. We hope that China's economy will achieve a high-quality growth and our economic development will serve the primary goals of making structural adjustments to our economy and transforming our development model. We hope that China's economic development will no longer come at the costs of resource consumption and environmental pollution. Rather, we hope that we will be able to put China's economic growth on a path that is conducive to energy conservation and the protection of the eco environment. We hope that the growth of China's economy will deliver greater benefit to the Chinese people.
这个决心是在制定“十二五”规划时就下了的。我们“十二五”规划设定的目标是7%，今年确定经济增长7.5%，是为了与“十二五”规划的要求相衔接。同时，我也必须说明，这是我们主动调控的结果。应该承认，由于欧债危机、外部市场萎缩，中国经济有下行的压力。但是在这种情况下，我们调低速度主要是为了结构调整。
We have already made this decision in the formulation of the 12th Five-Year Plan. We have set the average annual GDP growth during the 12th Five-Year Plan period at 7%. By setting this year's growth target at 7.5%, we want to bring it in line with the requirements set out in the 12th Five-Year Plan for China's economic growth. At the same time, I'd like to point out that the economic slowdown in China is mainly the result of our proactive macro control. One should recognize that China's economy is under downward pressure due to the contraction of the external market caused by the European debt crisis. Under such circumstances, we have taken the decision to adjust downward China's GDP growth target, mainly because we want to continue to press ahead with our economic structural adjustment.
我想说明的一点是，当我们宣布这个指标以后，许多国家的经济界、专家学者、新闻媒体都认为，从本质上看这是一个利好消息。因为中国经济能够克服不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题，真正走上一条注重质量的发展道路，从根本上有利于世界经济的发展。
I also want to point out that when we announced the growth target for this year, it is the consensus among the economists, experts, scholars, and the media organizations from many countries around the world that this is actually a piece of good news for the world because if we in China can truly overcome the problem of lack of adequate balance, coordination and sustainability in our economic growth and get Chinese economic growth on the path of quality development, this, in a fundamental way, is good news for the global economy.
现在，对于我们来说，还是要把握好保持经济平稳较快发展、结构调整、管好通胀预期三者的关系。中国的经济总量已经达到47万亿元人民币，在这个基础上，增长7.5%并不算低。如果一直保持这个速度，在经济总量不断增长的情况下，更不算低。而且我们要想方设法使同样的经济总量能够换取更大的经济效益，能够使百姓得到更多的实惠。我们一定能够做到这一点，这是我们的目标。谢谢。
Now, we must continue to strike a balance among maintaining steady and robust economic development, making economic structural adjustment and managing inflationary expectations. China's economic aggregates now total RMB47 trillion. On top of such a large base figure, 7.5% GDP growth target is not a low target. If we can maintain such a growth rate while our economic aggregates continue to rise, this target cannot be considered low at all. Moreover, we need to work even harder to enhance our economic growth efficiency so that more benefits will be extended to the Chinese people. We have confidence that we will be able to do that.
中央电视台记者：总理您好，我是中央电视台和中国网络电视台的记者。我想问您的问题是，近年来您已经有很多次提起要促进社会的公平正义，但是现在社会上一些不公平的现象仍然是老百姓关注的焦点。请问您在任期之内还会做哪些工作进一步促进社会的公平正义？另外，我们知道您常常会上网，在网络上您可以看到网民对政府工作、对您本人的肯定和赞扬，但是也会有“拍砖”的，您怎么看待这些批评的声音？谢谢。
CCTV: You have said on many occasions that you must work hard to promote social equity and justice, but the Chinese people still feel that there are still many problems that involve lack of equity and justice in the Chinese society, I want to ask you what steps you will take during the remainder of your term of office to promote social fairness and justice. Secondly, we know that you often log onto the Internet, there are a lot of comments by the netizens of China on the work of your government and you yourself. There are both positive ones and critical ones. How do you see the criticism about you and your work on the Internet?
温家宝：我曾经说过，公平正义比太阳还光辉。公平正义是社会主义的本质特征。实事求是地讲，9年来，我们为实现社会的公平正义做了大量不可磨灭的工作。首先，在法律上，我们通过修改宪法，将尊重和保障人权写入宪法。我们制定了物权法，使合法的私有财产得到法律保护。我们修改了选举法，使城乡选民具有平等的权利。我们废除了收容遣送条例，使农民自由进城务工。在短短的几年，中国城市化率超过50%。其次，在农村，我们坚决地取消了农业税，减轻了农民的不合理负担。第三，在教育上，我们实行了九年免费义务制教育，对农村的孩子上职业学校实行免费，同时对大学和农村高中阶段的教育实行奖助学金制度，对困难地区农村寄宿制学校给予补贴。第四，我们建立和完善了包括养老、失业、医疗、低保在内的社会保障体系。企业职工医疗保险、城市居民医疗保险和新农合已经覆盖13亿人口。这些都是我们社会朝着公平正义迈出了具有制度性的一步。当然，我深知，社会分配不公以及司法不公还引起群众的不满。我们必须继续推进促进社会公平的各项工作。
Wen: I have said before that equity and justice shine more brightly than the sun. Equity and justice are the defining nature of socialism. As a matter of fact, over the past 9 years, the government has put in a large amount of efforts in promoting social equity and justice. I believe that these efforts should be widely recognized. On the legal front, we have amended the Chinese Constitution and we have incorporated respecting and protecting human rights into the Chinese Constitution. We have formulated the Property Law to protect, on the basis of law, the legal private assets of the Chinese people. We have amended the Election Law to ensure equal rights of election of urban and rural residents. We have abolished the regulations that put restrictions on the freedom of mobility of rural residents into the cities. In a short span of these years, China's urbanization rate has exceeded 50%. Secondly, in the rural areas, we have abolished the agricultural tax so as to ease the unreasonable burden of Chinese farmers. Thirdly, as far as education is concerned, we have basically made the free 9-year compulsory education universally available. We have exempted the tuition fees for the students from rural areas who are engaged in the vocational education. We have provided scholarships and financial aid for students from rural areas during their senior high school and college education. We have provided subsidies for students from poor families who are engaged in the rural boarding school education. Fourthly, we have established and improved the social security system that covers old-age support, unemployment insurance, medical insurance and subsistence allowance. The program of medical insurance for both working and non-working urban residents and the program of the rural cooperative medical care now cover 1.3 billion people in China. All these are institutional arrangements we have made to promote social equity and justice. But I'm fully aware that the people are still complaining about income disparities, judicial injustice and some other problems. We must continue to do a conscientious job in promoting social equity and justice.
在我任职的最后一年，我们政府将做几件困难的事情，一定要做，努力做好，而不留给后人。第一件事情，就是要制定收入分配体制改革的总体方案。第二件事情，就是要制定并出台农村集体土地征收补偿条例，真正保障农民承包地的财产权。第三件事情，实现城乡养老保险的全覆盖。第四件事情，按照新的标准全面推进集中连片的贫困地区的扶贫工作。第五件事情，我们已经将教育经费占GDP的4%列入预算，我们一定要通过努力实现这个目标，并使经费合理使用。谢谢你。
In the last year in office, this government plans to take on some tough tasks. We are determined to accomplish these tasks rather than pass the problems to the next government. First, we will develop the overall plan for the reform of income distribution system in China. Second, we will formulate and introduce a regulation on the expropriation and compensation of the collectively-owned rural land so as to ensure farmers' property right to the land they have contracted. Third, we will extend the coverage of old-age insurance programs to the entire Chinese population. Fourth, on the basis of the newly-set poverty standard, we are going to press ahead with the work of poverty elimination. Fifth, we have arranged the budget for meeting the targets of raising our educational expenditure to 4% of the GDP. We must make full efforts to meet these targets and ensure the wise use of every piece of the expenditure.
政府的一切权力都是人民赋予的，我们应该创造条件让人民提出意见批评政府。因此，在网上听到有“拍砖”的声音，我并不感到奇怪，我以为这是正常的事情。群众许多批评的意见值得我们深思，而政府重视和决定的许多重大问题，经常是从群众“拍砖”里头得到的。我甚至考虑，把一些经常批评政府的代表人士请到中南海，面对面地听取他们意见。如果你们注意的话，在今年政府工作报告听取意见的安排中，我们已经尝试做了，但还很不够。
All the power of the government comes from the people. We should create conditions for the people to criticize the government's work. I don't feel surprised at all that there have been some critical comments on the Internet about the performance of the government. I think that it is only natural for that to happen. I sincerely believe that the government should seriously reflect on the critical views people have made. As a matter of fact, the government has often found fruitful thoughts from those comments and views made by the public while making decisions on many major issues. I have often thought about inviting some representatives of those who regularly make critical comments on the work of the government to Zhongnanhai so that we can have a face-to-face discussion about the issues they are interested in. If you have followed the news coverage of my work of soliciting views on the report of the work of the government, you may have found out that such a practice has been tried, but I don't think it's sufficient yet.
在我担任总理期间，确实谣诼不断，我虽然不为所动，但是心里也不免感到有些痛苦。这种痛苦不是信而见疑、忠而被谤的痛苦，而是我独立的人格不为人们所理解，我对社会感到有点忧虑。我将坚持人言不足恤的勇气，义无反顾地继续奋斗。
During my term of office as the premier, there have been some slanders about me. I have not allowed myself to be disturbed by those slanders. But still, they have caused some pain, not the pain because a man of integrity and loyalty has been questioned and wronged, but because my independent character has not won people's understanding. That has made me feel a little worried about this society. I'll continue to press ahead with my work and to uphold my ideals without hesitation and misgivings and with the courage that one should not fear the rumors and slanders from others.
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