2013年中洲经贸合作白皮书（一）

英语自学网

　　中国与非洲的经贸合作(2013)
        　　China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (2013)
        　　中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
        　　Information Office of the State Council, the People’s Republic of China
        　　2013年8月 北京
        　　August 2013, Beijing
        　　目录
        　　Contents
        　　前言
        　　Foreword
        　　一、推动贸易可持续发展
        　　I. Promoting Sustainable Development of Trade
        　　二、提升投融资合作层次
        　　II. Improving the Level of Investment and Financing Cooperation
        　　三、加强农业与粮食安全合作
        　　III. Strengthening Cooperation in Agriculture and Food Security
        　　四、支持非洲基础设施建设
        　　IV. Supporting African Infrastructure Construction
        　　五、注重非洲民生与能力发展
        　　V. Stressing African People’s Livelihoods and Capacity Building
        　　六、促进多边框架下的合作
        　　VI. Promoting Cooperation under the Multilateral Framework
        　　结束语
        　　Conclusion
        　　附录1 中非合作论坛第四届部长级会议经贸举措落实情况
        　　Appendix I Implementation of the Economic & Trade Measures of the
Fourth FOCAC Ministerial Conference
        　　附录2 中非合作论坛第五届部长级会议中国政府宣布的未来三年中非重点合作领域
        　　Appendix II Priority Areas of China-Africa Cooperation for the Next Three
Years Announced by the Chinese Government at the Fifth FOCAC Ministerial
Conference
        　　前言
        　　Foreword
        　　当前，国际形势发生深刻复杂变化，新兴和发展中经济体成为推动世界经济发展的重要力量。中国与非洲国家顺应形势变化，在中非合作论坛框架内不断深化中非新型战略伙伴关系，大力推动经贸合作，积极探索符合中非实际的共同发展之路。
        　　Currently, as the international situation undergoes profound and intricate
changes, newly emerging and developing economies have become the major force
pushing forward the world’s economic development. In tune with the changes in
the international environment, China and African countries are, within the
framework of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), continuing to deepen
the new type of China-Africa strategic partnership, vigorously advancing
economic and trade cooperation, and actively exploring a common path that
reflects both China’s and Africa’s realities.
        　　目前中国已成为非洲最大贸易伙伴国，非洲成为中国重要的进口来源地、第二大海外工程承包市场和第四大投资目的地。中非经贸合作的发展，促进了非洲国家民生的改善和经济的多元化发展，为中国经济社会发展提供了有力支持，也为促进南南合作与世界经济的平衡发展作出了积极贡献。
        　　China has become Africa’s largest trade partner, and Africa is now China’s
major import source, second largest overseas construction project contract
market and fourth largest investment destination. China-Africa economic and
trade development has improved people’s livelihoods and diversified economic
development in African countries, provided strong support for China’s
socio-economic development, and contributed to promoting South-South cooperation
and balanced world economic development.
        　　通过中非双方共同努力，中非经贸合作基础更加坚实、机制更加完善，不断涌现新的合作契合点和增长点。特别是2013年3月，中国国家主席习近平访问非洲，宣布一系列支持非洲发展的新举措，为推动中非经贸关系迈上新台阶注入了强大动力。
        　　Through the common efforts of China and Africa, bilateral economic and
trade cooperation now enjoys a consolidated foundation and improved mechanisms,
with new common interests and growth points in cooperation constantly emerging.
In March 2013, China’s President Xi Jinping visited Africa and announced a
series of new measures to support Africa’s development, providing a powerful
impetus for the advancement of China-Africa economic and trade relations.
        　　2010年，中国政府发布了白皮书，介绍了中非经贸合作的有关情况。这里，就近些年来中非经贸合作取得的进展再作一介绍。
        　　In 2010, the Chinese government published a white paper on China-Africa
economic and trade cooperation. This latest white paper provides a further
introduction to the progress of bilateral economic and trade cooperation in
recent years.
        　　一、推动贸易可持续发展
        　　I. Promoting Sustainable Development of Trade
        　　近年来，在全球经济复苏乏力的背景下，中非贸易仍然持续了较快发展的态势。2009年，中国成为非洲第一大贸易伙伴国。此后两年多时间里，中非贸易规模迅速扩大。2012年，中国与非洲贸易总额达到1984.9亿美元，同比增长19.3%。其中，中国对非洲出口额853.19亿美元，增长16.7%;自非洲进口额1131.71亿美元，增长21.4%。中非贸易总额、中国对非洲出口总额，以及自非洲进口总额均创历史新高。
        　　Against the background of sluggish global economic recovery in recent
years, China-Africa trade development has maintained comparatively rapid
momentum. In 2009, China became Africa’s No. 1 trade partner. In the following
two years, the scale of China-Africa trade expanded rapidly. In 2012, the total
volume of China-Africa trade reached US$198.49 billion, a year-on-year growth of
19.3%. Of this, US$85.319 billion consisted of China’s exports to Africa, up
16.7%, and US$113.171 billion was contributed by China’s imports from Africa, up
21.4%. Total China-Africa trade volume, China’s export volume to Africa and
China’s import volume from Africa all reached new highs.
        　　随着中非贸易额的不断增长，中非贸易占中国和非洲对外贸易的比重有所上升。2000—2012
年，中非贸易占中国对外贸易总额的比重，从2.23%增加到5.13%。其中，中国自非洲进口占比从2.47%增加到6.23%，出口非洲的占比从
2.02%增加到4.16%。从非洲角度看，中非贸易占非洲对外贸易的比重，呈现出更为明显的上升趋势。2000—2012年，中非贸易占非洲对外贸易总额的比重从3.82%增加到16.13%。其中，非洲对中国出口的商品占比由3.76%上升到18.07%，从中国进口商品占比从3.88%上升到
14.11%，增长迅速。
        　　As the volume of China-Africa trade continues to grow, its proportion to
China’s and Africa’s respective total foreign trade volume has also increased.
From 2000 to 2012, the proportion of China-Africa trade volume as a part of
China’s total foreign trade volume increased from 2.23% to 5.13%: the proportion
consisting of China’s imports from Africa up from 2.47% to 6.23%, and that of
China’s exports to Africa from 2.02% to 4.16%. On the African side, the changes
are even more remarkable. From 2000 to 2012, the proportion of China-Africa
trade volume as a part of Africa’s total foreign trade volume increased from
3.82% to 16.13%: the proportion contributed by Africa’s exports to China up from
3.76% to 18.07%, and that by Africa’s imports from China from 3.88% to
14.11%.
        　　中国对非出口产品总体上质量优、价格好，满足了非洲各阶层民众的消费需求。在规模扩大的同时，中非贸易结构逐步得以优化。随着非洲市场消费能力的不断提高，中国对非洲出口产品的技术含量明显增加。2012年，机电产品占中国对非洲出口商品的比重已达到45.9%。为进一步提升对非洲出口商品的质量，从2010年12月到2011年3月，中方开展了打击对非洲出口假冒伪劣和侵犯知识产权商品专项治理行动，采取输非工业品装运前检验等多项措施，中国对非出口商品质量得以明显提高。
        　　Chinese products exported to Africa are generally of fine quality and
well-priced, and fulfill the consumption demands of all social strata in Africa.
With the scale of trade expanded, the structure of China-Africa trade has been
improved step by step. As the consumption capacity of the African market
continues to expand, the amount of technical products that China exports to
Africa has increased remarkably. In 2012, the proportion of mechanical and
electrical products as a part of China’s total commodity exports to Africa
reached 45.9%. In order to guarantee the quality of products exported to Africa,
from December 2010 to March 2011, the Chinese side took special steps to crack
down on the potential export to Africa of counterfeit and shoddy products and
commodities that violated intellectual property rights. This involved multiple
measures, such as prior-to-shipment quality examinations for industrial products
that were to be exported to Africa. These measures helped guarantee the quality
of Chinese commodities exported to Africa.
        　　过去三年，中国自非进口金额不断增长，原油、农产品等大宗商品贸易金额、数量都快速增长。通过中非贸易，非洲出口产品获得稳定市场，提升了价格，获得了更大实惠。同时，中国通过免关税、设立非洲产品展销中心等措施，积极扩大从非洲进口。自2012年
1月起，与中国建交的30个非洲最不发达国家全部可以享受60%的输华商品零关税待遇措施。截至2012年底，有22个非洲受惠国累计受惠货值达到
14.9亿美元，关税税款优惠9.1亿元人民币。2011年5月，中国设立的非洲产品展销中心在浙江省义乌市正式开业。通过减免运营费用等扶持政策，展销中心已吸引非洲20多个国家的2000余种商品入驻销售。
        　　Over the past three years, China’s import volume from Africa has increased
notably, as the trade volume and quantity of bulk commodities, like crude oil
and agricultural products, keep rising. Through China-Africa trade, Africa’s
exporters have obtained access to a stable market, higher pricing and greater
benefits. In the meantime, China has vigorously expanded its imports from Africa
by enacting tariff exemptions and setting up exhibition centers for African
products. Since January 2012, the 30 least developed African countries that have
established diplomatic relations with China have been granted zero-tariff
treatment for 60% of their exported items. By the end of 2012, 22 of them had
seen 910 million yuan worth of tariff exempted, involving US$1.49 billion-worth
of goods. In May 2011, an African Products Exhibition Center opened in Yiwu
City, Zhejiang Province. By reducing operation expenditures and other supportive
policies, the Exhibition Center has attracted over 2,000 salable commodity items
from more than 20 African countries.
        　　中非贸易互补性强、潜力巨大，对中非双方的经济发展具有重要意义。中国将继续采取一系列措施促进中非贸易的健康发展，主要包括：实施“对非贸易专项计划”，扩大非洲输华产品零关税待遇的受惠范围，扩大非洲产品的进口;加强对非出口产品品牌和营销渠道建设，促进对非出口产品质量提升。另外，中国将通过提供促贸援助，帮助非洲国家改善海关、商检设施条件，为非洲国家提高贸易便利化水平提供支持，推动非洲区内贸易的发展。
        　　Sino-African bilateral trade has great potential due to the complementary
conditions on both sides, and is significant for the economic development of
both China and Africa. China will take multiple measures to promote the healthy
development of China-Africa trade. These include implementing the "Special Plan
on Trade with Africa,"which will expand the scope of zero tariff treatment for
African products exported to China and increase China’s imports from Africa, and
improving the brand building, marketing channels and quality of China’s
commodities exported to Africa. In addition, China will help African countries
improve their customs and commodity inspection facilities by mobilizing aid for
trade, provide support for African countries to promote trade facilitation, and
push forward trade development within Africa.
        　　二、提升投融资合作层次
        　　II. Improving the Level of Investment and Financing Cooperation
        　　经济基础薄弱、建设资金匮乏一直是非洲国家发展的主要瓶颈。中国政府鼓励、支持企业和金融机构扩大对非投资，努力提升中非合作的质量和水平。
        　　A poor economic foundation and insufficient construction funds have always
been factors limiting the development of African countries. The Chinese
government encourages and supports enterprises and financial institutions to
increase investment in Africa, striving to improve the quality and level of
China-Africa cooperation.
        　　2009年以来，非洲地区吸收外国直接投资连续下滑，但中国对非直接投资快速增加。据统计，2009—2012年，中国对非直接投资流量由14.4亿美元增至25.2亿美元，年均增长20.5%，存量由93.3亿美元增至212.3亿美元，增长1.3倍。中国对非投资的快速增长，一方面说明非洲的发展潜力和投资吸引力，另一方面也体现出中非合作的互补性。
        　　Since 2009, Africa has seen a decrease of foreign direct investment, but an
accelerated growth of direct investment from China during this same period. From
2009 to 2012, China’s direct investment in Africa increased from US$1.44 billion
to US$2.52 billion, with an annual growth rate of 20.5%. Over the same period,
China’s accumulative direct investment in Africa increased from US$9.33 billion
to US$21.23 billion, 2.3 times the 2009 figure. The rapid growth of China’s
direct investment in Africa is indicative of Africa’s development potential and
investment appeal, and also points to the mutually beneficial nature of
China-Africa cooperation.
        　　在投资总量扩大的同时，中国对非投资层次也不断提升。目前，有超过2000家的中国企业在非洲50多个国家和地区投资兴业，合作领域从传统的农业、采矿、建筑等，逐步拓展到资源产品深加工、工业制造、金融、商贸物流、地产等。
            
            

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        　　While increasing aggregate investment, China is also improving the level of
its investment in Africa. Currently, over 2,000 Chinese enterprises are
investing and developing in more than 50 African countries and regions, and
cooperation fields have expanded from agriculture, mining and building industry
to intensive processing of resource products, industrial manufacturing, finance,
commercial logistics and real estate.
        　　近年来，中国对非投资机制不断完善。截至2012年底，中国已与32个非洲国家签署双边投资保护协定，与45个国家建立经贸联委会机制。作为中非合作论坛北京峰会推出的八项举措之一，截至2012年底，中非发展基金在非洲30个国家投资61个项目，决策投资额23.85亿美元，并已对53个项目实际投资18.06亿美元。初步统计，决策投资项目全部实施后，可带动对非投资超过100亿美元，每年增加非洲当地出口约20亿美元、超过70万人从中受益。中国金融机构通过多种手段，积极扩大对非融资支持。2009年中非合作论坛第四届部长级会议上，中国宣布设立“非洲中小企业发展专项贷款”。截至2012年底，专项贷款累计承诺贷款12.13亿美元，已签合同金额10.28亿美元，发放贷款6.66亿美元，有力支持了农林牧渔、加工制造、贸易流通等与非洲民生密切相关行业的发展。
        　　In recent years, China has improved its mechanisms for investment in
Africa. By the end of 2012, China had signed bilateral investment treaties (BIT)
with 32 African countries, and established joint economic commission mechanisms
with 45 African countries. The China-Africa Development Fund, established as one
of the eight pledges China made at the FOCAC Beijing Summit, had by the end of
2012 agreed to invest US$2.385 billion in 61 projects in 30 African countries,
and had already invested US$1.806 billion for 53 projects. According to
preliminary statistics, the agreed upon investment projects will bring US$10
billion worth of investment to Africa, increase local exports by about US$2
billion annually, and benefit more than 700,000 people. China’s financial
institutions have actively expanded financing support for Africa. At the Fourth
FOCAC Ministerial Conference in 2009, China announced the establishment of "a
special loan for small and medium-sized African businesses." By the end of 2012,
the special loan service had promised to offer loans totaling US$1.213 billion,
with contract value of US$1.028 billion and loans granted worth US$666 million,
providing strong support for the development of agriculture, forestry, animal
husbandry, fishing, processing and manufacturing, trade and logistics, and other
industries closely associated with people’s livelihoods in Africa.
        　　能矿资源开发是非洲国家经济起飞和发展的重要动力。在这一领域，中国企业帮助非洲国家建立和发展上下游一体化的产业链，把资源优势转化为经济发展优势，并积极参与项目所在地的公共福利设施建设。在刚果(金)，中国企业在开发铜钴矿的同时，建设了包括公路、医院在内的多个公共项目。在南非，进行矿产开发和加工的中国公司设立捐赠基金，赞助矿区医疗、减贫和教育事业，并建成先进的水处理设施。中国企业还捐资开展中非“光明行”活动，组织中国一流的眼科医生赴津巴布韦、赞比亚，为623名患者实施白内障复明手术。
        　　Energy and mineral resource exploitation is the major impetus for the
economic booms of many African countries. In this area, Chinese enterprises have
helped African countries establish an upstream-downstream-integrated industry
chain, transforming resource advantages into economic growth opportunities, and
actively participated in local public welfare infrastructure construction. In
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chinese enterprises have built highways,
hospitals and other public infrastructure while extracting copper-cobalt ores.
In the Republic of South Africa, Chinese mineral exploitation and processing
enterprises have set up endowment funds to sponsor medical care, poverty
reduction and education in local areas, and built advanced water treatment
facilities. Chinese enterprises have sponsored the "Brightness Action" and
organized first-rate ophthalmologists to perform cataract extraction surgeries
for 623 patients in Zimbabwe and Zambia.
        　　制造业是中国对非投资的重点领域。2009—2012年，中国企业对非制造业直接投资额合计达
13.3亿美元，2012年底，在非制造业投资存量达34.3亿美元。其中，马里、埃塞俄比亚等资源贫瘠国吸引了大量中国投资。中国企业在马里投资糖厂，在埃塞俄比亚建立玻璃、皮革、药用胶囊和汽车生产企业，在乌干达投资纺织和钢管生产项目等，弥补了所在国自然条件、资源禀赋的不足，创造了大量税收和就业，延长了“非洲制造”的增值链。中国企业的投资给非洲社会发展带来了全方位的变化。如在津巴布韦，投资经济作物种植的中国企业向当地农户提供无息贷款，改善生产基础设施条件，进行生产全程技术指导，组织当地员工赴华访问，资助当地建设学校、孤儿院，促进了中国企业与当地的良性互动和共同发展。
        　　Manufacturing is China’s key investment field in Africa. From 2009 to 2012,
Chinese enterprises’ direct investment volume in Africa’s manufacturing sector
totaled US$1.33 billion. By the end of 2012, China’s investment in Africa’s
manufacturing industry had reached US$3.43 billion. Mali, Ethiopia and other
resource-poor countries have also attracted a large amount of Chinese
investment. Chinese enterprises have invested in sugar refineries in Mali, set
up glass, fur, medical capsule and automobile factories in Ethiopia, and
invested in textile and steel pipe manufacturing projects in Uganda. All of
these investments have compensated for these countries’ unfavorable natural
conditions and resources, increased their tax revenues and employment, and
extended the value adding chain of "made in Africa" products.
        　　Chinese enterprises’ investments have brought about changes to all
dimensions of Africa’s social development. For example, those that invest in
cash crop cultivation in Zimbabwe have provided interest-free loans to local
farmer households, improved production infrastructure, offered technical
guidance for the whole production process, organized local employees to visit
China, and funded local schools and orphanages. These have promoted the positive
interaction and common development of Chinese enterprises and local society.
        　　服务业具有无污染、低能耗的特点，是近年来中非投资合作的新亮点，中国企业在金融、商贸、科技服务、电力供应等领域均进行了投资。截至2012年底，中国对非洲金融业直接投资存量已达38.7亿美元，占全部对非投资的17.8%，一定程度上弥补了当地企业建设发展资金的不足。在商贸领域，中国企业与当地公司合作开发的安哥拉国际商贸城项目已经开工，建成后将成为西南部非洲最大的商贸物流中心、会展中心和投资服务中心。当前，还有众多中国中小投资者在非洲从事农副产品加工、小商品生产等，他们提供的产品和服务与非洲人民生活息息相关，对满足非洲人民生活需求、吸纳当地就业、促进中非经贸往来发挥了积极作用。随着中非人民相互了解与认知程度的加深和中非政府间的通力合作，这些中小投资者也将进一步融入当地社会，与当地人民共享发展成果。
        　　Service industries that produce zero pollution and consume little energy
have become a new highlight of China-Africa cooperation in recent years. Chinese
enterprises have invested in finance, trade, science and technology services,
power supply and other fields in Africa. By the end of 2012, China’s direct
investment in Africa’s financial sector had reached US$3.87 billion, accounting
for 17.8% of its total investment volume in Africa. To some extent, this was
able to make up for the lack of sufficient development funds available to local
enterprises. In the field of commerce and trade, the construction of the Angola
International Trade Center, jointly initiated by Chinese and local enterprises,
has been started. When completed, the project will be the largest commercial
logistics, convention and investment service center in southwest Africa. There
are now also a large number of small and medium-sized Chinese investors engaged
in agricultural and sideline product processing and petty commodity production
in Africa. Their products and services are closely linked with African people’s
livelihoods, playing an active role in meeting local needs, boosting local
employment and promoting China-Africa trade contacts. As the mutual
understanding between Chinese and African peoples is deepened and the
cooperation between Chinese and African governments enhanced, these small and
medium-sized Chinese investors will further incorporate into local society and
share the fruits of development with local people.
        　　近年来，随着非洲各国经济实力的增强和中非关系的日益密切，非洲企业也积极开展对华投资。截至
2012年，非洲国家对华直接投资达142.42亿美元，较2009年增长44%。其中，2012年直接投资额为13.88亿美元，投资来源国包括毛里求斯、塞舌尔、南非、尼日利亚等，涉及石油化工、加工制造、批发零售等行业。
        　　In recent years, as the economic strength of African countries has
increased and China-Africa relations have grown closer, African enterprises have
started to invest in China. By the end of 2012, the volume of African countries’
direct investment in China totaled US$14.242 billion, increasing by 44% over
2009 levels. Of that, the figure for 2012 was US$1.388 billion. Investing
countries included Mauritius, Seychelles, South Africa and Nigeria, and their
investments covered petrochemical industries, manufacturing and processing, and
wholesale and retail, among other fields.
        　　中非投融资合作巩固了非洲经济发展的基础，增强了非洲自主发展能力，提升了非洲在全球经济格局中的竞争力，也推动了中国企业的国际化发展。今后，中国将继续扩大同非洲的投融资合作，落实好向非洲提供200亿美元贷款额度的承诺，重点支持双方在非洲基础设施建设、农业、制造业、中小企业发展等领域开展合作。继续积极引导中国企业在非洲建立加工和制造业基地;加大在商贸服务、交通运输及咨询管理等服务行业的投资;鼓励和支持中国企业在非洲开展多领域投资合作，支持非洲国家不断优化经济发展的外部环境。
        　　China-Africa investment and financing cooperation has solidified the
foundation of Africa’s economic development, increased Africa’s capacity of
independent development, improved Africa’s competitiveness in the global
economic sphere, and advanced Chinese enterprises’ internationalized
development. In the future, China will further expand investment and financing
cooperation with Africa, fulfill its commitment on the provision of US$20
billion-worth of loans to Africa, which will be used for infrastructure
construction, as well as the development of agriculture, manufacturing and small
and medium-sized enterprises. China will give guidance to its enterprises on the
establishment of processing and manufacturing bases in Africa, and increase
investment in business services, transport, consultation management and other
service industries. China will also encourage its enterprises to carry out
multiple-field investment cooperation in Africa, and help African countries
improve their external economic development environments.
        　　三、加强农业与粮食安全合作
        　　III. Strengthening Cooperation in Agriculture and Food Security
        　　农业事关非洲的发展稳定和脱贫减困，是大部分非洲国家的支柱产业和优先发展领域，中非双方在农业领域具有良好的合作条件和广阔的合作前景。中国政府重视同非洲国家在农业领域的互利合作，帮助非洲国家把资源优势转化为发展优势，实现农业可持续发展。
        　　Agriculture is crucial for stable development and poverty reduction efforts
in Africa. It is a pillar industry and a priority field for development in most
African countries. China and Africa see favorable conditions and broad prospects
for future agricultural cooperation. The Chinese government attaches great
importance to its mutually beneficial agricultural cooperation with Africa, and
works hard to help African countries turn resource advantages into developmental
ones and sustainably develop their agricultural capacities.
        　　近年来，中非农产品贸易发展迅速。2009—2012年，中国对非洲农产品出口从15.8亿美元上升至24.9亿美元，增长了57.6%;中国自非洲农产品进口从11.6亿美元上升至28.6亿美元，增长了1.46倍，进口农产品中大部分是非食品类商品，包括棉麻丝、油籽和其他农产品。非洲农产品对华出口迅速增长的一个主要原因是，中国政府自2005年开始实行非洲国家部分输华商品零关税政策，非洲特色农产品作为主要受惠产品之一，对华出口得以快速增长。以芝麻为例，从2002年开始，中国自非洲少量进口芝麻。在零关税政策推动下，中国自非洲进口芝麻快速增长，进口额从2005年的0.97亿美元增加到2011年的4.41亿美元，年均增长率高达28.7%，高于同期中国自非洲进口全部商品的年均增速。
        　　In recent years, Sino-African trade in agricultural products has grown
quickly. From 2009 to 2012, China’s agricultural exports to Africa grew from
US$1.58 billion to US$2.49 billion, an increase of 57.6%. During the same
period, China’s agricultural imports from Africa grew from US$1.16 billion to
US$2.86 billion, a 146% increase. Most imported agricultural products are
non-food items, including cotton, hemp, silk, oil seeds and other such
products.
        　　A major reason for the rapid increase in Chinese imports of African
agricultural products is the zero-tariff policy that the Chinese government
adopted in 2005 for some African products. Agricultural products are a major
category benefiting from this policy and, as a result, the export of specialty
African agricultural products to China has grown rapidly. One example of the
impact of this policy is provided by sesame. China started importing small
amounts of sesame from Africa in 2002. After the zero-tariff policy was adopted,
sesame imports grew rapidly, from US$97 million in 2005 to US$441 million in
2011, an annual increase of 28.7%. This rate of import increase is higher than
the average growth rate of all products imported from Africa during the same
period.
        　　最近几年，中国企业在非洲开展了良种培育、粮食和经济作物种植、农产品加工等投资活动。2009
—2012年，中国在非洲农业领域直接投资额由3000万美元增长到8247万美元，增长了1.75倍。中国企业在非洲从事农业投资，增加了驻在国的粮食供给，提升了非洲国家农业综合生产能力。如在莫桑比克，中国投资农场的300公顷水稻试验种植，连续三年获得每公顷9—10吨的高产，中国专家指导当地农民耕种的水稻田产量，由原来每公顷3吨提高到5吨。在马拉维、莫桑比克、赞比亚，由中国企业和中非发展基金合作投资的棉花种植加工项目，采取“公司+农户”的经营模式，带动了当地数万种植户，有效增强了当地棉花加工生产能力。中国企业还在非洲国家积极开展农田整修、水利建设和改造，改善当地农业生产条件。其中，由非洲开发银行出资、中国企业承建的农田整治项目是卢旺达农业领域的最大项目，建成后将有效改善卢旺达境内主河流的整治和水资源利用。
        　　In recent years, Chinese enterprises have invested in Africa in such fields
as breeding improved seeds, planting grain and cash crops, and processing
agricultural products. From 2009 to 2012, China’s direct investment in African
agriculture grew from US$30 million to US$82.47 million, a 175% increase.
Investment by Chinese enterprises in African agriculture has increased grain
supplies in the countries concerned and enhanced the comprehensive agricultural
productivity of those countries. In Mozambique, for example, 300 hectares of
experimental paddy fields supported by Chinese investment yielded 9-10 tons per
hectare for three successive years. With the help of Chinese rice experts, local
farmers see their paddy fields yield five tons per hectare, two tons more than
previous yields. In Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia, Chinese enterprises and the
China-Africa Development Fund jointly invested in a cotton planting and
processing project modeled on having enterprises work with farming households.
The project was able to involve tens of thousands of local growers, effectively
enhancing local capabilities in cotton processing.
        　　Chinese enterprises have also worked to improve local farmland, water
conservancy and conditions for agricultural production. Currently, the biggest
agricultural project in Rwanda is a farmland improvement project supported by
investment from the African Development Bank and contracted to Chinese
enterprises. When completed, the project will effectively control major rivers
and improve the utilization of water resources in Rwanda.
        　　中国政府通过援建农业技术示范中心，派遣高级农业专家和农业技术人员，传授推广农业生产管理经验和实用技术等方式，帮助非洲提高农业自主发展能力。2006年以来，中国已在卢旺达、刚果(布)、莫桑比克等国援助建成15个农业技术示范中心，并正在规划实施另外7个农业技术示范中心。同时，中国还向非洲派出农业技术组和数百名农业技术专家，提供政策咨询，传授实用技术，培训当地人员。如中国与乍得开展培育高产优质品种的农业技术合作项目，实现增产25%以上，推广种植面积500多公顷，培训当地农民数千人次。
        　　The Chinese government has tried to enhance Africa’s self-reliance capacity
to develop its agriculture by providing assistance in the construction of
demonstration centers of agricultural technology, and sending senior
agricultural experts and technicians to teach the locals managerial experience
and practical techniques in agricultural production. Since 2006, China has
helped set up 15 agricultural demonstration centers in Rwanda, the Republic of
Congo, Mozambique and some other countries, and is planning to establish another
seven. At the same time, China has sent technical groups and several hundred
technicians to Africa to provide policy consulting, teach practical techniques
and train local staff. With China’s aid in a project to breed high-yield and
high-quality crop varieties, Chad sees its yields grow by over 25% on over 500
hectares planted with improved varieties, and several thousand farmers
trained.
        　　今后，中国将在平等互利、共同发展的原则下，全面推进中非农业领域合作。建立和完善中非农业合作机制，加强中非双方在农业技术、品种资源、农业信息、农产品加工与贸易、农业基础设施建设，以及人力资源培训等领域的合作。深化企业间合作，鼓励和支持中国有实力的企业到非洲国家进行农业领域的投资与技术合作。根据非洲国家的实际情况，安排实施适当数量的农业技术示范中心项目。深化在联合国粮农组织、国际农业发展基金会框架下的合作。
        　　In the future, China will advance agricultural cooperation with Africa in
all respects while ensuring that this cooperation puts both parties on an equal
footing, is mutually beneficial, and advances common development. It will work
to establish and improve a mechanism for bilateral agricultural cooperation, and
strengthen Sino-African cooperation in the sharing of agricultural technologies,
resource varieties and agricultural information, the processing and trade of
agricultural products, agricultural infrastructure construction, and human
resource training. China will continue to encourage and support investment by
established Chinese enterprises to put money into agriculture or technological
cooperation in Africa. It will arrange and launch an appropriate number of
agricultural demonstration centers in African countries, depending on their
actual needs. China will also work to deepen Sino-African cooperation within the
frameworks of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) and
the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
            
            

ensix

        　　四、支持非洲基础设施建设
        　　IV. Supporting African Infrastructure Construction
        　　基础设施建设是改善非洲投资环境和民生条件的根本支撑，对非洲减贫和发展至关重要。中国政府鼓励企业和金融机构以多种方式参与非洲交通、通讯、电力等基础设施项目建设。2012年，中国企业在非洲完成承包工程营业额408.3亿美元，比2009年增长了45%，占中国对外承包工程完成营业总额的35.02%。非洲已连续四年成为中国第二大海外工程承包市场。来自中国的资金、设备和技术有效降低了非洲国家建设成本，使非洲基础设施落后的面貌逐步得以改善。
        　　Infrastructure construction is a starting point for improving the
investment environment and people’s livelihoods in Africa, and is of great
importance for poverty reduction and development on the continent. The Chinese
government encourages enterprises and financial institutions to participate in
African infrastructure construction, including transportation, communications
and electric power projects, in a variety of different ways. In 2012, Chinese
enterprises completed construction contracts worth US$40.83 billion in Africa,
an increase of 45% over 2009, accounting for 35.02% of China’s overseas contract
work completed. Africa has been China’s second largest overseas contract market
for four successive years. Capital, equipment and technologies from China have
effectively helped reduce construction costs for African countries and, as a
result, their infrastructure situations have gradually improved.
        　　中国企业在非洲建成了大量市政道路、高速公路、立交桥、铁路和港口项目，有效改善了非洲国家的通行状况，促进了非洲国家内部和国家间的经贸发展和人员往来。在安哥拉，由中国企业承建的铁路修复工程，横穿安哥拉东西部。
        　　Chinese enterprises have built numerous city roads, expressways, flyovers,
railways and ports in Africa, effectively improving traffic conditions there and
enhancing economic and trade development and personnel exchanges between African
countries. In Angola, Chinese enterprises undertook the contract for a project
that involved repairing a railway running from east to west through the
country.
        　　中国通讯企业在非洲参与了光纤传输骨干网、固定电话、移动通讯、互联网等通信设施建设，扩大了非洲国家电信网络的覆盖范围，提升了通讯服务质量，降低了通讯资费。中国企业在坦桑尼亚承建的光缆骨干传输网，除覆盖坦桑尼亚境内主要省市外，还连接周边六国及东非和南非海底光缆，建成后将形成坦桑尼亚境内北部、南部和西部三个骨干环路和八条国际过境链路，提升整个东非地区的通讯一体化水平。
        　　Chinese communication enterprises have participated in the construction of
communication facilities in Africa, such as backbone fiber-optic transmission
networks, fixed-line telephone lines, mobile communication and Internet
facilities, expanding the coverage of Africa’s telecommunication network,
raising the network’s performance quality and reducing communication costs. A
contract to build a fiber-optic transmission backbone network in Tanzania was
also taken on by Chinese enterprises. The network will cover major provinces and
cities in Tanzania, link it with six neighboring countries and connect it to
seabed optical cables in East and Southern Africa. After the network is
completed, there will be three backbone loops, one each in northern, southern
and western Tanzania, and eight international transit links, making
communications of East Africa more integrated.
        　　中国与非洲国家在水电站建设、电网铺设等方面合作密切，缓解了非洲部分国家长期存在的电力危机。
2010年，中国企业在赤道几内亚承建的马拉博燃气电厂项目开工，建成后将形成发电—输电—变电完整供电系统，从根本上改善马拉博市及毕奥科岛的电力供应状况，并对周边地区农业灌溉、生态旅游具有较大促进作用。
        　　China has also worked closely with African countries in building hydropower
stations and power grids, alleviating power crises that have long plagued some
African countries. In 2010, Chinese enterprises started to build the Malabo Gas
Plant in Equatorial Guinea. After the plant is completed, the country will have
a complete power supply system, from power generation to power transmission and
power transformation. This will improve the power supply conditions of Malabo
City and Bioko Island while promoting agricultural irrigation and ecological
tourism in surrounding areas.
        　　中国政府和金融机构为非洲基础设施建设提供了大量优惠性质贷款和商业贷款。2010—2012年
5月，中国对非优惠性质贷款项下累计批贷92个项目，批贷金额达113亿美元。埃塞俄比亚亚的斯—阿达玛高速公路、喀麦隆克里比深水港等项目均由中国的优惠贷款支持建设。中国大型商业银行也在非洲开展了多项买方信贷，支持了加纳电网、埃塞俄比亚水电站、阿尔及利亚东西高速公路等项目。
        　　The Chinese government and Chinese financial institutions have offered a
great number of concessional and commercial loans to Africa for its
infrastructure construction. From 2010 to May 2012, China approved concessional
loans worth a total of US$11.3 billion for 92 African projects. For example, the
Addis Ababa-Adama Expressway of Ethiopia and the Kribi Deep-water Port of
Cameroon were both funded by concessional loans from China. Some of China’s main
commercial banks have also started buyer’s credit businesses in Africa,
supporting the power grid in Ghana, hydropower stations in Ethiopia, a west-east
expressway in Algeria, and other projects.
        　　中国企业在非洲建设基础设施的过程中，注重属地化经营和管理，积极参与公益事业。如，中国在非的大型通讯企业的本地化率已超过65%，并与1200个当地分包商合作，为当地间接增加超过1万个就业岗位;中国企业在赞比亚为当地翻修道路和矿山医院房舍，捐赠社区体育设施并积极响应慈善募捐活动，为当地社会发展作出积极贡献。
        　　While undertaking infrastructure projects in Africa, Chinese enterprises
have paid attention to localized operation and management styles, and taken an
active part in programs benefiting local people. For example, large Chinese
communication companies in Africa have raised their localization rate to above
65%. They have also cooperated with 1,200 local subcontractors, indirectly
providing more than 10,000 job opportunities. In Zambia, Chinese enterprises
have repaired roads, hospitals and houses of some mines, and donated sports
facilities for communities and money for charity activities, making positive
contributions to local development.
        　　基础设施建设对促进非洲经济和社会发展意义重大。中国将继续深化中非双方在交通、通讯、民生等基础设施建设领域合作，不断推进“非洲跨国跨区域基础设施建设合作伙伴关系”，密切双方在区域一体化领域的交流合作，帮助非洲提高整体发展能力。
        　　Infrastructure construction is a significant part of Africa’s further
economic and social development. China will deepen cooperation with Africa in
transportation, communications and other infrastructure fields to improve
people’s livelihoods, steadily push forward Sino-African trans-national and
trans-regional infrastructure construction partnerships, and enhance exchanges
and cooperation in the field of regional integration so as to help Africa
improve its capacity for integrated development.
        　　五、注重非洲民生与能力发展
        　　V. Stressing African People’s Livelihoods and Capacity Building
        　　非洲经济近年来保持较快增长，但发展问题依然严峻，实现联合国千年发展目标的任务艰巨。中国在谋求自身发展的同时，始终向非洲发展提供力所能及的、不附加任何政治条件的帮助，并使发展成果更多惠及非洲百姓。近几年来，中国认真落实中非合作论坛历届部长会议提出的各项举措，在公共福利设施、医疗卫生、气候变化与环境保护，以及人道主义援助等领域积极开展对非合作，加强双方人文交流和科技合作，努力提升非洲自主发展的能力。
        　　Africa has sustained rapid economic growth in recent years, but it still
faces severe development problems and the difficult task of accomplishing the UN
Millennium Development Goals. While seeking to advance its own development,
China tries to offer what assistance it can to Africa without setting any
political conditions, and to benefit African people through developmental
advances. In recent years, China has implemented measures adopted at the FOCAC
ministerial conferences, actively developed cooperation with Africa in areas
relating to public amenities, medical and health care, climate change and
environmental protection, humanitarian aid, and other fields. China has also
strengthened cultural and educational exchanges and scientific and technological
cooperation in an effort to improve Africa’s ability to develop
independently.
        　　帮助发展公共福利设施。中国在非洲援建打井供水、经济住房、广播电信、文教场所等各类公共福利设施，改善当地人民的生产生活条件。2009年以来，中国在苏丹、马拉维、津巴布韦、吉布提、几内亚和多哥等国实施的数十个打井供水项目，为缓解当地人民吃水难问题发挥了积极作用。援建的南苏丹活动板房、贝宁校舍、马拉维农村学校等项目，对改善当地的居住和教育环境具有重要的现实意义。援建的中非博阿利3号水电站是迄今为止中国在中非援建的最大项目，建成后将大为缓解班吉等地的用电紧张状况。
        　　Helping build public amenities. China has offered assistance to Africa in
digging wells for water supplies, and in building affordable housing,
broadcasting and telecommunications facilities, and cultural and educational
sites in an effort to improve the productive and living conditions of local
people. Since 2009, China has carried out dozens of well-digging projects in the
Sudan, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Djibouti, Guinea and Togo, playing a positive role in
easing water problems for local people. It has also provided support for the
building of portable dwellings in South Sudan, school houses in Benin, and rural
schools in Malawi, and in doing so, improved local living conditions and
educational facilities. China’s largest aid project in the Central African
Republic is the construction of the Boali No.3 Hydropower Station, which, after
it is completed, will greatly relieve electricity shortages in Bangui and
surrounding areas.
        　　提升医疗卫生合作水平。2010—2012年，中国在加纳、津巴布韦等国援建竣工27所医院。中国在42个非洲国家和地区派驻有43支医疗队，累计诊治患者557万余名。近年来，除援建医院、捐赠药品、进行医护培训等传统方式外，中国还通过开展治疗白内障患者的“光明行”活动、提供移动医院、建立双边眼科合作中心，以及援建新型诊疗技术示范与培训中心等，进一步提升中非医疗合作水平。
        　　Advancing cooperation in medical and health care. From 2010 to 2012, China
helped build 27 hospitals in Ghana, Zimbabwe and other African countries. China
has also sent 43 medical teams to 42 African countries and regions, treating
over 5.57 million patients. In recent years, in addition to building hospitals,
donating drugs and organizing medical training programs, China has also launched
an initiative, "Brightness Action," to treat cataract patients, provided mobile
hospitals, built bilaterally-run eye centers, and helped build demonstration and
training centers for diagnosis and treatment technologies, effectively advancing
Sino-African cooperation in medical and health care.
        　　开展应对气候变化领域合作。生态环境保护和应对气候变化是全球发展面临的共同课题，非洲在这一领域尤其需要国际社会的帮助。中国高度重视与非洲国家在气候变化领域的合作。2009年11月以来，中国在非洲国家共实施了百余个清洁能源项目，包括与突尼斯、几内亚、苏丹等国开展的沼气技术合作，为喀麦隆、布隆迪、几内亚等国援建的水力发电设施，与摩洛哥、埃塞俄比亚、南非等国开展的太阳能和风能发电合作，向尼日利亚、贝宁、马达加斯加等赠送节能灯、节能空调等应对气候变化的物资等，提高了非洲国家适应气候变化的能力。
        　　Working together to address climate change. Environmental protection and
climate change are two developmental topics that the world must face, and Africa
needs special assistance from the international community in these areas. China
pays a great deal of attention to its cooperation with African countries in the
field of climate change. Since November 2009, China has carried out more than
100 clean energy projects in African countries, including biogas technology
cooperation with Tunisia, Guinea and the Sudan, hydropower generating facilities
in Cameroon, Burundi and Guinea, and solar and wind power generation in Morocco,
Ethiopia and South Africa. China has also donated energy-efficient lamps, air
conditioners and other materials in response to climate change to Nigeria, Benin
and Madagascar. All of these measures have greatly raised the ability of African
countries to respond to climate change.
        　　提供紧急人道主义援助。中国一贯本着人道主义精神，向遭受政治动荡和自然灾害的非洲国家及时提供力所能及的物资或现汇紧急援助。2011年，中国向突尼斯、埃及两国政府提供共计5000万元人民币的紧急人道主义援助，以缓解两国与利比亚边境地区滞留难民带来的人道主义危机。在2011年非洲之角遭遇60年罕见饥荒之时，中国向有关非洲国家提供紧急粮援和现汇，总额超过4亿元人民币，成为新中国成立以来中国政府对外提供的最大一笔粮食援助。2012年，中国向萨赫勒地区有关国家提供了粮食援助。
        　　Offering emergency humanitarian aid. In keeping with humanitarian values,
China always offers what materials or cash it is able to give for emergency aid
to African countries that suffer from political disorder or have experienced
natural disasters. In 2011, China provided 50 million yuan in emergency aid to
Tunisia and Egypt to ease the humanitarian crisis caused by refugees stranded in
the areas bordering Libya. When a famine worst in 60 years broke out in the Horn
of Africa in the same year, China provided the affected countries with emergency
aid in the form of grain and cash. In total, this aid was worth more than 400
million yuan, the biggest amount of food aid that the Chinese government has
provided since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. In 2012,
China granted food aid to affected countries in the Sahel region of Africa.
        　　支持人文交流。人文交流是中非新型战略伙伴关系的重要支柱。中国致力于通过支持非洲青年来华留学、派遣青年志愿者、开展联合研究等方式，增进中非人民之间的相互了解和认知，不断巩固中非友好的社会基础。2010—2012年，中方向非洲国家提供各类政府奖学金名额共计18743个。截至2012年底，中国已向埃塞俄比亚、津巴布韦等16个非洲国家派遣408名青年志愿者。20对中非知名高校在“中非高校20+20合作计划”框架下结为“一对一”合作关系。“中非联合研究交流计划”自2010年3月启动以来，已支持中非学者开展研讨会、课题研究、学术交流、著作出版等各类项目64个，资助中非学者600多人次访问交流。
        　　Supporting cultural and educational exchanges. Cultural and educational
exchanges make up an important part of the new type of strategic partnership
between China and Africa. By supporting young Africans studying in China,
sending young Chinese volunteers to Africa and developing joint research
initiatives, China tries to promote mutual understanding between China and
African countries and strengthen the social foundation of their friendship. From
2010 to 2012, China granted 18,743 government scholarships to students from
African countries. By the end of 2012, China had sent 408 young volunteers to 16
African countries, including Ethiopia and Zimbabwe. Twenty pairs of leading
Chinese and African universities have begun cooperating under the 20+20
Cooperation Plan for Chinese and African Universities. From the launch of
China-Africa Joint Research and Exchange Plan in March 2010 to the end of 2012,
it had supported 64 projects in the form of workshops, subject research,
academic exchanges, and publishing works. The project had also subsidized visits
and exchanges for over 600 Chinese and African scholars.
        (兼职编辑：段保净）