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发表于 2016-7-9 19:14:47
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六、原因状语从句
1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词
主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)等:
He can’t have gone out because the light’s on. 他不可能出去了,因为灯还亮着。
Since [As] we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我们没钱,我们无法购买它。
Seeing that it’s raining,we’d better stay indoors. 既然外边在下雨,我们最好待在室内。
Now that you are here, you’d better stay. 你既然来了,最好还是留下吧(既来之,则安之)。
注:除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外,when有时也可引导原因状语从句(when表示“既然”):
I can’t tell you when you won’t listen. 既然你不想听,我就不告诉你了。
2. 关于not…because结构
该结构中的否定词有时否定主句,有时否定从句,一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理解。若not否定主句,最好在because之前用逗号,否则会引起歧义,如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释:
I didn’t go because I was afraid. 我没有去是因为怕。/ 我不是因为怕才去。
不过若because之前有just修饰,一般认为not 是否定从句的:
You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。
3. because习惯上不与so连用
汉语习惯上说“因为…所以…”,但英语习惯上却不能将 so与because 连用:
因为下雨,所以我们呆在家里。
正:Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home.
误:Because it was raining, so we stayed at home.
4. because 从句与 because of短语的转换
Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换:
He can’t come because he is ill. / He can’t come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。
I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wife’sbeing there. 因为他妻子在那儿,我对此事只字未提。
七、让步状语从句
1. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词
主要的有although, though, even though, even if等:
Although he is poor, he’s still happy. 虽然他很穷,他仍然很快乐。
I will try it, though I may fail. 即使我可能失败, 我也要试一下。
We’ll go even if it rains. 即使下雨我们也要去。
注:除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导让步状语从句外,还应注意以下情况:
(1) 用when 和while引导让步状语从句。不要认为when和while只引导时间状语从句,其实它们也可引导让步状语从句,意思是“尽管”或“虽然”:
She stopped when she ought to have continued. 尽管她应该继续下去,她却停住了。
While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思,但我还是不同意。
(2) 用whether…or…引导让步状语从句:
I’ll do it whether you like it or not. 不管你是否喜欢,我都要做。
Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 不论我们帮助他与否, 他都将失败。
(3) 用whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever 等引导让步状语从句:
He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么,他就做什么。
Come whenever you like. 你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。
2. whatever, however 等-ever词用法说明
这些词在用法应注意以下几点:
(1) 它们均可引导让步状语从句,意为“无论…”:
Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么,我都相信你。
Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话,都说我出去了。
Whichever day you come, I’ll be pleased to see you. 无论你哪天来,我都欢迎。
Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来,我们都欢迎。
Wherever he goes, I’ll go. 不管他去哪里,我也去。
(2) 它们引导让步状语从句时,通常可换成no matter…,如说:
No matter what you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么,我都相信你。
No matter when you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来,我们都欢迎。
No matter how much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。
(3) 注意however的以下种句型:
① however+主语+谓语:
However you travel, it’ll take you at least three days. 不管你怎么走,至少要三天。
However you come, be sure to come early. 不管你怎么来,一定要早来。
② however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语:
However much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。
However cold it is, she always goes swimming. 不管天多冷,她都会去游泳。
有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略:
He was of some help, however small. 他总能帮些忙,不管多小的忙。
I refuse, however favorable the condition. 不管条件多好,我都不接受。
(4) 有时从句谓语可用情态动词:
I’ll find him, wherever he is [may be]. 无论他在哪里,我都要找到他。
Keep calm, whatever happens [may happen]. 无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。
(5) whenever有时可引导时间状语从句,wherever 有时可引导地点状语从句:
Whenever we see him we speak to him. 每次见到他,我们都和他说话。
They teach wherever their pupils are working. 学生在哪里工作,教师们就在哪里上课。
注:其中的whatever, whoever, whichever除引导状语从句,也可引导名词性从句,参见本讲义“名词性从句”一章。
3. 为什么不能说 (al)though…but
汉语中可说“虽然…但是…”,但按英语习惯,通常不能说although…but或though…but:
虽然很危险,但我要试试。
误:Although it is dangerous, but I will try.
正:Although it is dangerous, I will try. / It is dangerous, but I will try.
不能将汉语的“虽然…但是…”直译为(al)though…but…,这是因为 (al)though 为从属连词,用于引导让步状语从句;而but在表示“但是”时,它是并列连词,用以连接两个句子使之成为并列句。由于在同一句中既用了从属连词(al)though,又用了并列连词 but,使得句子一半像复合句,一半像并列句,从而导致错误。正确的做法是,任意去掉 (al)though 和 but 中的一个,使之要么成为复合句,要么成为并列句。但是,如果就此认为although 永远不与but连用,这也是片面的,请看两例:
(1) But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later. 但我当时的确不知道此事,尽管后来我还是知道了。
此句既用了并列连词 but,又用了从属连词 although,但它并未造成错误,原因是此句与上面所讨论的情形有所不同,即此句 but 用于 although 之前,but 在此仅起到与上文转折的作用,but 后的 I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.仍为一个复合句。
(2) I tried doing the accounts, but although I knew some maths I found it very difficult. 我试着算这些账,但尽管我懂点数学,仍感到很困难。
此句将 but 与 although 用在一起,但此句也没有错误。该句从总体来看,它是一个以并列连词 but 连接的并列句,而在该并列句的后面一句又是一个包含让步状语从句 although I knew somemaths 的复合句——这种句型就是所谓的并列复合句。此句也可改写为 I tried doing the accounts, but I found it very difficult although I knew some maths.
4. 让步状语从句与倒装
引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though,但不是能用although:
Poor though I am, I can afford it. 我虽穷,但这东西还是买得起的。
Much as I like Paris, I couldn’t live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎,但我不能住在那里。
注:as 可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语,但若不倒装,则不能用as,而与之相反,although在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语,但在倒装的结构中却不可以用。
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