|
发表于 2016-7-9 19:24:13
|
显示全部楼层
工具、同、和、随with,具有,独立、就、原因
例:We write with ballpens. 我们用油笔写字。(工具)
但He write in blue ink. 他用蓝水笔写字(墨水用in不用with)
Theory must go hand in hand with practice. 理论必须同实践相结合。(同)
He is talking with friends. 他正同朋友们谈话。〔同)
I'd like to have a dinner with a friend. 我喜欢同朋友共同进餐。
We must co-operate closely with them. 我们必须同他们紧密合作。(同)
We, as human beings are going to leave, but friendship has taken roots
among us and our hearts are linked with yours. 我们虽然就要走了,但是友谊
却在我们之间扎了根,我们的心和你们的心是紧紧相连的。(和或同〕
A cadre must become one with the masses.干部必须和群众打成一片。
I'm with you. 我同意你。
An atom is so small that we can't see it with a microscope. 原子太小,
即使用显微镜也看不见它。(工具)
In the past I had to part with my wife. 旧社会我不得不和妻子离别。(和)
The socialist revolution is deepening with each passing day. 社会主义革
命日益深入。(随着)
They sail with the wind. 他们顺风航行。(随着)
With the change of the economic foundation, the superstructure has to be
transformed too. 随着经济基础的改变,上层建筑也必须改变。(随着)
With the battlle of Waterloo, Napoleon's rule in Europe was ended. 滑铁
卢一战,拿破仑对欧洲的统治就完蛋了。
The modern electron tube. 随着电子管的发明而诞生了现代电子工业.
She is with child. = She is in a very interesting condition. = in a family
way, = She is pregnant (in pregnancy). 她怀孕了。(有)
但She is with a child.意为:"她领着一个孩子。"
China is a very large country with a long history. 中国是一隼?酚凭玫?
大国。(具有)
China is a country with a population of ten billion people. 中国是一个有
10亿人口的国家。(具有)
What is the matter with you? 怎么回事?(就,关于)
How is it with you? 你怎么啦?(就,关于)
Everything was going well with them. 他们一切都进行得很顺利。(就……)
It is a very intense flash with a lot of power packed into it. 由于聚集
了大量的能,所以闪光非常强烈。(独立结构)
注;即分词独立主格结构用with。
With a new welding technique introduced, the use of stainless steel was no
longer limited to making small things only. 由于新的焊接技术的引进,不锈钢
的使用就不仅仅局限在微小的物件上了。(独立结构)
With all its beams advancing in step with each other the laser possessed
very particular properties which no ordinary light ever has. 由于激光的光
束同步,所以它具有普通光所没有的特殊性质。(独立结构)
Without the temperature or pressure changed matter can never change from
one state into another. 没有温度或压力的变化,物质永远不能以一种状态变到另
一种状态。(独立结构)
The evil landlord was trembling with fear. 那个万恶的地主吓得浑身发抖。
(原因)
My wife's hands were rough with work. 我爱人因为老干活,手很租糙。(原
因).
With the help of my classmate's taperecorder I listen to the Voice of
America and B.B.C every day. 借助于我同学的录音机,我每天收听美国之音和
B.B.C。(原因)
With televition, we can see all kinds of programmes on the screen sitting
at home without going to the movies and theatres. 因为有了电视,我们坐在
家里就能看到各种节目, 而不必去影院、戏院了。(原因)
就......来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分
这里的with后边的宾语常译成主语。
例:How are the things with you? 你情况怎样?
What's wrong with your eyes? 你的眼睛怎么啦?
Something is wrong with my hands. 我手出点毛病。
Everything was going well with them. 他们一切都进行得很顺利。
Parents must be strict with their children. 父母对子女要严格。(对)
The doctor was very patient with his patients. 那位医生对患者非常耐心。
(对)
I'm quite satisfied with your answer. 我对你的回答很满意。(对)
Many intellectuals with revolutionary tendencies went to the liberated
areas. 许多带有革命倾向的知识分子都投奔解放区了。(有)
These apartment houses are for workers with families. 这些住宅楼是给有家
属的工人盖的。
He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. 他两手交叉在胸前坐在椅
子上。(状语)独立结构
They are highly mechanized farms, with machinery to do all the work. 它
们是高度机械化的农场,所有工作都由机器进行。(状语)独立结构
上两句是with引出的复合结构。
I will be with you again in half an hour. 过半个钟头我还会跟你们在一起
的。
(with的介词短语作表语。另注意in将来时态in以后)
Our sympathies were with the students persecuted by the gang of four
during the cultural revolution. 我们是非常同情"文革"中被"四人帮"迫害的
青年学生的。(with的介词短语作表语)。
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数人类known to man
例: by land (air, sea, water, bus)
陆路(航空,水陆,水路,乘公共汽车)
by micro bus 坐小面包车(微型汽车)
by mini bus 坐小面包车
by train 坐火车
by trolley bus 坐无轨电车
by tram 坐有轨电车
by bike 骑自行车
by motor car 骑摩托车
by tube 坐地铁
by airbus 坐大型客机(空中汽车〕
by jeep 坐吉普车
by chance 偶然
by accident 偶然,无意中
以及by virture of 靠、由于
by leaps and bounds 大幅度地
by way of 经由
by the book 按常规
The list of discoveries by "accident" could fill a long book. 偶然的发现
可以写一本很厚的书。(偶然)
The law of relativity was formulated by Einstein. 相对论是爱因斯坦创立
的。(被动)
The book was written by Mr. Zhang. 这本书是张先生写的。(被动)
That in 1969 the first artificial satellite was launched to the space is
known to man. 1969年第一颗人造卫星上了天是众所周知的。
这里用to man而不用by。即当单数又无冠词的man和known搭配时,表示人类不用by。
this,that,tomorrow,yesterday,next, last, one
接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯
例;一天one day (不说on one day)
one summer 在一个夏天
one year 一年
Iast nieht 昨天夜里
last Friday 上个星期五
last month 上月
last year 去年
yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
tomorrow afternoon 明天下午
tomorrow evening 明天晚上
next month 下个月
next week 下周
next year 明年
next Saturday 下星期六
this morning 今天早晨
this year 今年
this Tuesday 本星期二
this Autumn 今年秋天
that morning 那天早上
that evening 那天晚上
无论前面介词in、on还是at,通通可省略,不能说at last night, on last Friday,
in last month, in this year这些都是不对的,须去掉介词。
over, under正上下,above, below则不然
若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关
例:There is a picture over the window.
窗户上面有一幅画。(正上方)
The plane flew above the city. 飞机飞过城市上空。(高于城市并非正上方)
A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盏灯是在方桌上方。(正上方)
The moon was now above the trees in the east. 这时月亮已经在东边树林的上
方。(非正上方)
Don't stand above the masses. 勿高踞于群众之上。(比喻一非正上方)
The mountain is 700 feet above sea level. 这座山海拔700米。(非正上方)
There is a small building below the hill. 山下有座小楼房。(非正下方)
There is a submarine under the water. 水下有艘潜水艇。(正下方)
Water was found ten feer below the surface. 在地面下10英尺处找到了水。
(非正下方)
The peasants are cooling themselves under the trees. 农民们正在树下乘
凉。(正下方)
over under正上下,低高below与above
The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30℃. 室温是摄氏30度以
下。(数量词两者皆可)
Do you have anything in the way of computers below (under) $10000? 你们
有哪些价格低于10000美元的计算机? (数量词两者皆可〕
beyond超出、无、不能
例:It's quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 这我完全不
懂。
Don't stay out beyond 10 o'clock. 不要在外呆到10点以后还不回家。
But the gratitude from the bottom of my heart to the students and my old
colleagues, has gone beyond my control. 发自肺腑的对学生们和我的老同事们
的感激之心使我毫不紧张,毫不拘束;
Your work is beyond all praise, so good that it can't be praised enough.
你的成绩是赞扬不尽的。
That is going beyond a joke, passes the limits of what is reasonable as
a joke. 那样开玩笑太过火了。
They were touched beyond words. 他们被感动得无法形容。(无)
To do this was quite beyond all doubts. 办这事我无能为力。(超出)
This is inevitable and beyond all doubts. 这是必然的,毫无疑义的。(无)
另外, Beyond two cottages stood his house.
句子中的beyond是"那边"的意思。
against 靠着,对与反
例: In front of the wardrobe there are two upholstered armchairs arranged
against the south wall near the door. 立柜前面是两把沙发椅,靠着南城门附
近。 (靠着)
She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲惫地靠着栏杆站着。(靠着)
A new president was elected by a majority of 274 votes against 110.
新总统以274票对110票的多数当选。(对……)
besides, except分内外,among之内along沿
例:The design has many other advantages besides lower cost. 除费用低外,
该设计还有许多其他优点。(优点包括在内)
He had no time to prepare his lecture, besides which he was unwell.
他没有时间准备讲稿,而且他的身体也不大舒适。
Every one of us, except her, went to see the exhibition. 除她外,我们
都去参观了展览会。
He gets up early every day except Sunday. 除星期日外他每天早起。
Nobody was late except me. 除我以外,没人迟到。
同类比较except,加for异类记心间。
He's composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes. 他的这篇
作文写得很好,只是有几处拼写错误。(非同类比较用except for)
She was all alone in the world except for an old aunt. 除了有一个老
姑妈,她别无亲人。
Anna felt disappointed when she found out they had gone swimming without
her. (without=except) 当安娜发现除她外,他们都去游泳了,她感到很失望。
Lion Head Hill is not worth seeing except for its old temples. 除了那
些古寺以外,狮头山没什么可看的。
Among other things, we are interested in drawing. 我们对图画和别的一
些东西芨行巳ぁ? (among之内即包括在内)
原状because of, owing to, due to表语形容词
例:Owing to our joint efforts, the task was fulfilled ahead of
schedule. 由于我们的共同努力,任务提前完成了。
注:Owing to 和 because of 都做原因状语,而due to只能做表语形容词。所以此
句。owing to 的介词短语做原因状语。
AII our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party.
我们的一切成绩都归功于党。 (due to做表语形容词)
under后接修、建中,of,from物化分
例:The road is under repair now. 这条路正在修建中。
The now railway is stil under construction. 新铁路尚在修筑中。(不能用
in)
under discussion 在讨论中(不能用in) under considerat 在考虑中(不能用
in)
The desk is made of wood. 桌子是木头做的。(物理变化用of)
The wine is made from grape. 这种酒是用葡萄酿造的。(化学变化)
The bridge is made of steel. 这座桥是钢制的。(物理变化)
Steel is made from iron. 钢是由铁炼成的。(化学变化)
before, after 表一点,ago, later表示一段
即before, after常表示一个点的时间状语,而ago,later常表示一段的时间状
语。
例如:前天the day before yesterday;前年the year before last; 大上星期the
week before last等等都表示点状语的。要想准确无误地使用好before和ago, after和
later比较困难,但要是以"点"和"段"来区别就容易得多。
例:晚饭前 before supper
解放前 before liberation
1970年前 before 1970
文革前 before cultural revolution
国庆前 before National Day
入大学前 before coming to college
这些都是"点"状语,因为1970年前即1970年1月1
日前。国庆节即10月1日前。
ago表示一段时间。
例:一分钟前 a minute ago
半小时前 half an hour ago
两天前 two days ago
一星期前 a week ago
五年前 five years ago
因为 a minute, half an hour, two days, a week, five years等都表示一段时
间,所以用ago。以及ten days later等皆如此。
before可接完成时,ago过去级有限
这时的before是连词(也可做介词)
例:We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain. 我们刚离
开学校,天就下雨了。(完成时)
I had studied French for four months before I came here. 我来这儿以前
就已学了四个月法语了。 (before接完成时)
He fell ill three days ago. 他病了三天了。(ago则只能接动词过去式,同时
注意瞬间动词的问题。)
He left two months ago. 两个月前他离开了。(同上)
I met her a few minutes ago. 我在几分钟前碰到他了。(同上)
since以来during间,since时态多变换
与之相比beside, 除了last but one。
即beside的一般用法是"在......旁边", 但还有"和......相比"等特殊用法。
例:I feIt so weak in spoken English beside them. 和他们相比,我感到我
的口语太差。
Beside work and study, all else was trivial. 同工作和学习比起来,其他
一切都是小事。
除了last but one,即but多指"除了"的意思,也有"倒数第几"的意思。last
but one即不是最后一个。
例:I haven't told anybody but one. 除了我爱人,我谁也没告诉。(除了)
Who but a fool would study foreign language well if he is a hard working
one. 如果他勤奋好学的话,除了傻瓜谁都能学好外语。 (除了)
Look at the last page but one. 请看倒数第2页。
He was the last but three in maths examination this time. 他这次数学考
试成绩倒数第四。
They live in the next house but one. 他们住在隔壁过去一家。
复不定for、找,价,原,对,给,段,去,为,作,赞
复不定for,即用for引出的不定式复合结构,也就是for加名(代)加不定式;找,意
为找到,提供; 价,意为价格、工资;原,意为原因;段,意为时间或距离; 去,意
为去某地或开往某地;作,意为作为; 赞,意为赞成(用于系表结构。)
例:It is high time for us to start. 我们不该再迟延了。
The most urgent thing is for us to get the preparation done. 员重要的
事情是我们要把准备工作做好。
I don't think it advisable for him to study medicine. 我想她学医不适
合。
Your parents and relatives are anxious for you to go to college. 你的
父母和亲戚渴望你上大学。
My home town has changed too much for me to recognize. 我的家乡变化太
大,简直认不出来了。
以上例句都是for在不定式复合结构中的用法。
Someone is asking for you on the telephone. 有人找你接电话。(找)
You'd better write to me for more information about it. 如需更多这方
面的资科和信息,你最好给我写信。(提问,索要)
They worked in the company for 200 yuan a month. 他们在这个公司干
活,每月嫌200元。(价格)
How much did you pay for the second-hand colour TV? 这台用过的彩电你
花了多少钱2(价格)
Thank you very much for your coming. 谢谢您的光临。〔原因)
Thank you for your warm hospitality. 谢谢您的热情款待。(原因)
Forgive me for being tardy. 请原谅我迟到了。(原因)
I'm much obliged to you for telling me. 非常感谢你给我谈了这个情况。
(原因)
We have boundless admiration for your struggle. 对你们酌斗争我们无限钦
佩。(对)
Listening comprehension materials are good for training our minds. 听
力材料对训练我们的脑子根有好处。(对)
Take the bitter medicine. It's good for you. 吃下这药吧,对你有好处。
(对)
There is a telegram for Mr. Wang. 这有一份王先生的电报。(给)
May I use it for a minute? 我用一会儿好吗?(一段时间)
I followed the stealer for some distance. 我跟踪那个小愉一段路。(一段
距离)
The ship was for Dalian. 这破船开往大连。(去某地)
We are off for Shanghai tomorrow. 明天我们去上海。(去某地)
The medicine is for reducing your temperature. 这药是退烧的。(为……
目的)
After breakfast. I'll go for a stroll round the town. 吃完饭我要在城里
到处走走。(为……目的)
I'll keep the lighter given by a foreign friend for a souvenir. 我要
把外宾送给我的打火机作为纪念。(作为)
It is only meant for a joke. 这只是当笑话说说罢了。(作为)
We are all for cutting down the cost of production. 我们都赞成降低生产
成本。(赞成)
快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、上、北、南
例:It's getting on towards the end of term now. 现在已快到学期未了。(快
到)
Towards midnight my husband came back. 快到半夜了我的丈夫才回来。(快
到)
Our teacher was very lenient towards us. 我们的老师对我们很松。(对)
What you have invented is really a big contribution towards our company.
你所发明的对我们公司确实是一大贡献。(对)
The boy came running towards his mother. 那个男孩向他母亲跑去。(向着)
所谓工、学、军、城、上、北、南,是说up和down的用法。这也是汉英翻译时要注
意的。例如:招工,上大学,参军,进城,上山,向北方等都属于up。而相反的下乡,
向南,落榜等都属于down。"大军南下,北上抗日"大概由此而来。
but for 否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。
but for是"若不是"的意思。
例:But for our great Communist Party, we could never have today's
happiness. 若没有伟大的共产党,我们决不会有今天的幸福生活。
But for this chemical the vapour inside the system would not have been
absorbed so completely. 若没有这个化学剂的作用,系统内的蒸气不可能被吸收
得这么彻底。
but for将在虚拟语气中详讲。
以上讲到了某些常用介词in用法,但远远不够,就拿做插入语的介词短语来说就数
不胜数。以下固定搭配不可随意改动:
例:in general 一般说来
in short 简言之
in other words 换言之
in my opinion 依我看
in simple words 简言之
on the whole 基本上
for instance 例如
for short 简称
after all 毕竟
above all 首先
此外考试中常出现的成语前置词也须牢记其用法。
by appearance 从外表
by the atd of 借……的帮助
by far ……得多
by course of ......照......常例
by reason of 由于
by request 应邀
by right of 由于 凭借
out of date 过时
out of harmony with 与...... 不一致
out of harmony with 摆脱困境
out of bounds 超出权限
out of proportion to 与......不相称
out of reach 力量不及
out of one's wits 不知所措
out of question 没问题
out of the question 不可能的
to a great extent 很大程度上
Io one's taste 合......胃口
to one's thinking 据……看来
to one's heart's content 尽情地
to the utmost 尽力
behind schedule 不准时
behind the times 过时的
behind the curtain 在幕后
within reach 能力所及
within a hair's breadth 差-点
wlthin a stone's throw of 在附近
beyond description 无法形容
beyond reason 毫无览?
beyond reproach 无可指责
beyond one's expectation 超出......范围
beyond expression 无法表达
ing型由于、鉴,除了,除外与包含。
之后,关于,在……方面,有关介词须记全。
最后,英语中v.+ing分词转化而成的特殊介词,更须注意,根据其语法功能,把它们同
现在分词,动名词和连同区分开来。即:
respecting由于, 鉴于; considering 由于, 鉴于; excepting除了;
concerning关于; excepting for除外; excluding除外; without excepting
sb. 包含; including 包括,包含; following 在……之后; regarding 关于;
respecting 在......方面; concerning 有关;
例:considering 由于;
Considering that table salt is the commonest source of sodium in food,
the diet usually calls for eating salt-free foods. 由于食盐是钠在食物中普
遍的来源,医生给病人规定的,饮食通常要求吃无盐食品。
respecting鉴于:
Respecting the heavy rain, we had to put off the match. 鉴于下大雨,我
们不得不推迟了这场比赛。
excepting 除了:
excepting 可单独使用,可以与always或否定词not 连用,也可以与for, without
之类介词连用。
Excepting one of his close friends, they were present at the party. 除
了他的一个挚友外,他们都来赴宴了。
He is an honest man, excepting for his quick temper. 他是个老实人,只
是("除了"脾气暴躁。(同类比较except,加for异类记心间)。
Everybody is in higt spirits, always excepting him. 大家都情绪高昂,唯
他"除外"(例外)。
Only a few survivors without excepting him were living in the settlement.
包括他在内,只有几个幸存者住在新拓居地。
including包含:
The new apartment consists of three rooms including the kitchen. 这套
公寓有三间,包括厨房。
following 在......之后: 相当于after
The week following his first vist to the newsroom he was appointed editor
of the important column. 在拜访该报社编辑部的"第二个"星期,他放任命为该报
重要专栏的主笔。
regarding 关于:相当于about
Regarding research investment and number of researchers engaged in this
field of research, the U.S.A. commands an overwhelming position followed by
Japan. "关于"投入该领域研究的投资额和研究人员的数量,美国占压倒优势,其次
是日本。
respectiong 在……方面:
Respectiong education, health, medical care as well as production and
labor technological development will have to be evaluated with due thought
given to social systems and humanism. "在"教育、卫生、生产劳动"方面", 评
价技术的发展需根据社会制度和人道主义。
concerning 有关:
The following are some of the arguments both pros and cons concerning
computers, thinking, and artificial intelligence. 下面是"有关"计算机、
思维和人工智能方面持赞成和反对态度的一些论据。
当然,这些ing型的介词,在句子中也有分词、动名词和连词的语法功能。
excluding 和 including,表示排除与包含。
Last year British sales to the rigion were more than $8 billion, while
French exports, excluding arms brought in around $3 billion. 去年,英国对
这个地区的销售额达80多亿美元,而法国的出口额(武器除外)约为30亿美元。
Stress may deplete vitamin C in your body, as can smoking, drinking and a
variety of drugs, not excepting aspirin. 生活紧张会耗尽你体内的维生素c,
正如吸烟、饮酒、服用某些药物(包括阿斯匹林)一样。
至于介词与形容词、动词、名词的搭配以及复合介词(又称复杂介词)、介词词组与
从句的变换则涉及更多的语法内容。 |
|