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7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced
marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a
stretch, doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders of all
your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.
8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and
on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.
9. If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the enemy, you will lose
the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the
goal.
10. If you march thirty LI with the same object, two-thirds of your army
will arrive.
11. We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost;
without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.
12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs
of our neighbors.
13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with
the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices,
its marshes and swamps.
14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make
use of local guides.
15. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.
16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by
circumstances.
17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the
forest.
18. In raiding and plundering be like fire, is immovability like a
mountain.
19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move,
fall like a thunderbolt.
20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your
men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit
of the soldiery.
21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is the
art of maneuvering.
23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the spoken
word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor
can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners
and flags.
24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes
of the host may be focused on one particular point.
25. The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for
the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the
art of handling large masses of men.
26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and
in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and
eyes of your army.
27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be
robbed of his presence of mind.
28. Now a soldier"s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has
begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to
camp.
29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen,
but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of
studying moods.
30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub
amongst the enemy:--this is the art of retaining self-possession.
31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at
ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy
is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one"s strength.
32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect
order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident
array:--this is the art of studying circumstances.
33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to
oppose him when he comes downhill.
34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers
whose temper is keen.
35. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army
that is returning home.
36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a
desperate foe too hard.
37. Such is the art of warfare.
VIII. Variation in Tactics
1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the
sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces
2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads
intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously isolated
positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. In desperate
position, you must fight.
3. There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not
attacked, towns which must be besieged, positions which must not be contested,
commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
4. The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany
variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.
5. The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with
the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge
to practical account.
6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his
plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make
the best use of his men.
7. Hence in the wise leader"s plans, considerations of advantage and of
disadvantage will be blended together.
8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed
in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.
9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready
to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune.
10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make
trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious
allurements, and make them rush to any given point.
11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy"s
not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his
not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position
unassailable.
12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general: (1)
Recklessness, which leads to destruction; (2) cowardice, which leads to capture;
(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults; (4) a delicacy of honor
which is sensitive to shame; (5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him
to worry and trouble.
13. These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct
of war.
14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely
be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of
meditation.
IX. The Army on the March
1. Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and
observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the
neighborhood of valleys.
2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to
fight. So much for mountain warfare.
3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not
advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get
across, and then deliver your attack.
5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near
a river which he has to cross.
6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not
move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them
quickly, without any delay.
8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near
you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in
salt-marches.
9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising
ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and
safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled
the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
11. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.
12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will
be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.
13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the
slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your
soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish
to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running
between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and
crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to
approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his
rear.
17. If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country,
ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods
with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for
these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be
lurking.
18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the
natural strength of his position.
19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for
the other side to advance.
20. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a
bait.
21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is
advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass
means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.
22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade.
Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.
23. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots
advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the
approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows
that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to
and fro signify that the army is encamping.
24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is
about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are
signs that he will retreat.
25. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the
wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.
27. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it
means that the critical moment has come.
28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from
want of food.
30. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the
army is suffering from thirst.
31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to
secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.
32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens
nervousness.
33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general"s authority is weak.
If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers
are angry, it means that the men are weary.
34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food,
and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing
that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined
to fight to the death.
35. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in
subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his
resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.
37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy"s
numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign
that the enemy wishes for a truce.
39. If the enemy"s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a
long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the
situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply
sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is
simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the
enemy, and obtain reinforcements.
41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is
sure to be captured by them.
42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they
will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically
useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not
enforced, they will still be unless.
43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity,
but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to
victory.
44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will
be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.
45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his
orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
X. Terrain
1. Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1)
Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow
passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the
enemy.
2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called
accessible.
3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying
the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you
will be able to fight with advantage.
4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called
entangling.
5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally
forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail
to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.
6. When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the
first move, it is called temporizing ground.
7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an
attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat,
thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out,
we may deliver our attack with advantage.
8. With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be
strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
9. Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him
if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
10. With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your
adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him
to come up.
11. If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but
retreat and try to entice him away.
12. If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the
strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and
fighting will be to your disadvantage.
13. These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has
attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from
natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are:
(1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization;
(6) rout.
15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another
ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former.
16. When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak,
the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common
soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.
17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting
the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before
the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the
result is ruin.
18. When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not
clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men,
and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter
disorganization.
19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy"s strength, allows an
inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a
powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the
result must be rout.
20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by
the general who has attained a responsible post.
21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier"s best ally; but a
power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of
shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test
of a great general.
22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into
practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will
surely be defeated.
23. If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even
though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you
must not fight even at the ruler"s bidding.
24. The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without
fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good
service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into
the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will
stand by you even unto death.
26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt;
kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of
quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they
are useless for any practical purpose.
27. If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are
unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards
victory.
28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our
own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards
victory.
29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men
are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground
makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards
victory.
30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered;
once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.
31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory
will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your
victory complete.
XI. The Nine Situations
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1)
Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground;
(5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground;
(8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.
2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive
ground.
3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance,
it is facile ground.
4. Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side,
is contentious ground.
5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.
6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who
occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of
intersecting highways.
7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving
a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.
8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all country that is
hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.
9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can
only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice
to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.
10. Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting
without delay, is desperate ground.
11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not.
On contentious ground, attack not.
12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy"s way. On the ground of
intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.
13. On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep
steadily on the march.
14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground,
fight.
15. Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge
between the enemy"s front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large
and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the
officers from rallying their men.
16. When the enemy"s men were united, they managed to keep them in
disorder.
17. When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when
otherwise, they stopped still.
18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array
and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: "Begin by seizing
something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your
will."
19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy"s
unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.
20. The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force:
The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of
your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with
food.
22. Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them.
Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on
the move, and devise unfathomable plans.
23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they
will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may
not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.
24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is
no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they
will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight
hard.
25. Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly
on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without
restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be
trusted.
26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts.
Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.
27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they
have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not
because they are disinclined to longevity.
28. On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep,
those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears
run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will
display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
29. The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-jan. Now the
shuai-jan is a snake that is found in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head,
and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be
attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head and
tail both.
30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan, I should answer,
Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing
a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each
other"s assistance just as the left hand helps the right.
31. Hence it is not enough to put one"s trust in the tethering of horses,
and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground
32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of
courage which all must reach.
33. How to make the best of both strong and weak--that is a question
involving the proper use of ground.
34. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he were
leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.
35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy;
upright and just, and thus maintain order.
36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and
appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.
37. By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy
without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes,
he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has
climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his
men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.
39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving
a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither
he is going.
40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this may be termed the
business of the general.
41. The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the
expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human
nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied.
42. When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that
penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means
dispersion.
43. When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across
neighborhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are
means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting
highways.
44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When
you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.
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