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四级干货》》 作文 |阅读 |翻译 |听力
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten
statements attached to it. Eachstatement contains information given in one of
the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.
You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a
letter Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet
2.
TV Linked to Lower Marks
A) The effect of television on children has been debated ever since the
first sets were turned on. Now three new studies find that too much tube time
can lower test scores, retard learning and even predict college performance. The
reports appear in the July issue of the Archives of Pediatrics & Ado-lescent
Medicine.
B) In the first report, researchers studied the effect that having a TV in
a child's bedroom can have on third graders. "We looked at the household media
environment in relation to academic achievementon mathematics, reading and
language arts tests," said study author Dina L.G. Borzekowski, an as-sistant
professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
C) Borzekowski and her colleague, Dr. Thomas Robinson of Stanford
University, collected data on386 third graders and their parents about how much
TV the children watched, the number of TV sets, computers and video game
consoles in the household and where they were. They also collected data on how
much time the children spent using the different media, as well as the time
spent doing homework and reading. The researchers found that the media in the
household, where it is and how it is used can have a profound effect on
learning. "We found that the household media environment has a very close
association with performance on the different test scores," Borzekowski
said.
D) "A child who has a TV in his or her bedroom is likely to have a score
that is eight points lower on a mathematics test compared to a child who doesn't
have a TV in the bedroom," she noted. These children also scored lower on the
reading and language arts tests. However, children who have ac-cess to a home
computer are likely to have higher scores on each of the tests compared with
children who don't have access to a home computer, Borzekowski noted.
E) The reasons why TV has this negative effect are not clear, Borzekowski
said. "When there's TV in the bedroom, parents are less likely to have control
over the content and the amount watched," Borzekowski said. "They are also
unable to know how early or how late the set is on. This seems to be associated
with kids' performance on academic tests." Borzekowski believes that content and
the time the TV is on may be the primary reasons for its negative effect. "If
the TV is in the family room, then parents can see the content of what children
are watching," she said. "Parents can choose to sit alongside and watch, or turn
the set off. A simple and straightforward, positive parenting strategy is to
keep the TV out of the child's bedroom, or remove it if it's already there."
F) In the second report, Dr. Robert J. Hancox from the University of Ot ago
in Dunedin, New Zealand, and colleagues found, regardless of your intelligence
or social background, if you watch a lot of TV during childhood, you are a lot
less likely to have a college degree by your mid-20s. In their study, the
researchers followed 1,037 people born in 1972 and 1973. Every two years,
between the ages of5 and 15, they were asked how much television they watched.
The researchers found that those who watched the most television during these
years had earned fewer degrees by the time they were 26."We found that the more
television the child had watched, the more likely they were to leave school
without any qualifications," Hancox said in a prepared statement. "Those who
watched little television had the best chance of going on to university and
earning a degree."
G) Hancox's team found that watching TV at an early age had the most effect
on graduating from college. "An interesting finding was that although teenage
viewing was strongly linked to leaving school without any qualifications, it was
earlier childhood viewing that had the greatest impact on getting a degree," he
said. "This suggests that excessive television in younger children has a
long-lasting adverse effect on educational performance."
H) In the third paper, Frederick J. Zimmerman and Dr. Dimitri A. Christakis
from the University of Washington report that, for very young children, watching
TV can result in lower test scores in mathematics, reading recognition and
reading comprehension. "We looked at how much television children watched before
age 3 and then at ages 3 to 5," Zimmerman said. "We found that for children who
watched a small amount of TV in the earlier years, there was co nsider able
beneficial effect compared to children who watched a lot of TV."
I) For children aged 3 to 5, the effect was not as clear, Zimmerman said.
"There were some beneficial effects of watching TV on reading, but no beneficial
effects for math or vocabulary," he noted. "The worst pattern was to watch more
than three hours of TV before age 3. Those kids had a significant disadvantage
compared to the other kids." Parents should follow the American Academy of
Pediatrics recommendation, which is no TV for children under 2, Zimmerman said.
"Personally, I feel the cutoff should be children under 3, because there is just
not any good content for children under 3."
J) One expert believes that TV can have both positive and negative effects,
but it all depends on what children are watching. "Content matters," said
Deborah L. Line barger, an assistant professor at the University of
Pennsylvania, who co-authored an accompanying editorial. "Educational content
has been found to be related to performance on school readiness tests, higher
grades when they are teen-agers, whereas, non-educational content tends to be
associated with lower academic performance."
K) Another expert agrees. "TV watching takes up space that could be used by
more useful things," said Dr. Christopher P. Lucas, a clinical coordinator at
the Early Childhood Evaluation and Treatment Program at the New York University
Child Study Center. "TV is not necessarily toxic, but is some-thing that has to
be done in moderation; something that balances the other needs of the child for
healthy development."
L) Lucas puts the responsibility for how much TV kids watch and what they
watch squarely on parents. "The amount of TV watching certainly has a link with
the reduced amount of time reading or doing homework," he said. "The key is the
amount of control parents have in limiting the amount of access. Get the TV out
of the bedroom; be aware of what is being watched; limit the amount of TV
watching."
46. According to Borzekowski, children having chances to use a family
computer are likely to acquire better results on the different tests.
47. The reports issued in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescents
Medicine find that watching too much TV leads to poor performance in school.
48. Watching more than three hours of TV before age 3 has bad effect on
kids.
49. According to the second report, the chance for one to acquire a college
degree depends on the amount of his TV watching during childhood.
50. In Deborah L. Lingbarger's opinion, educational content is helpful for
teenagers to get better results on school readiness tests.
51. The environment of family media greatly affects children's test scores
according to the first report.
52. Borzekowski believes that TV's negative effect on children's marks may
mainly lie in what children watch on TV and how much time they spend on it.
53. Lucas thinks parents should take the responsibility to supervise kids'
TV watching.
54. According to the recommendation from American Academy of Pediatrics,
children under 2 should watch no TV.
55. Hancox thinks earlier childhood TV watching affects one's acquiring a
college degree most.
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发表于 2018-12-8 10:33:34
