英语学习论坛

 找回密码
 立即注册
查看: 379|回复: 5

中学英语语法讲义-介词

[复制链接]

36万

主题

36万

帖子

109万

积分

论坛元老

Rank: 8Rank: 8

积分
1094809
发表于 2016-7-9 17:33:25 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  一、概说
          介词是一种虚词,不能单独用作句子成分,通常用于名词或代词(以及相当于名词的其他词语)之前,表示其后词语与句中其他词语之间的关系。英语介词从结构上可分为简单介词(如about)、合成介词(如inside)、分词介词(including)和成语介词(instead of)等。
          二、介词的宾语
          1. 名词或代词作介词宾语
          Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗?
          Don’t worry about it. 别为它担心。
          注:若是人称代词用作介词宾语,要注意用宾格。如:
          No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
          2. 动名词作介词宾语
          He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。
          In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
          3. 过去分词作介词宾语
          We can’t regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
          I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
          注:过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构,第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下,介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语,若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动),可换用“being+过去分词”:
          He went out without being seen by the others. 他出去了,没有被其他人看见。
          3. 从句作介词宾语
          He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
          I’m worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
          注:介词后通常不接that从句,遇此情况需考虑用其他结构:
          误:He paid no attention to that she was poor.
          正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
          但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。比较:I know nothing about him except that he lives nextdoor. / I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
          4. 不定式作介词宾语
          I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。
          He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
          They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。
          He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视,他从不干任何事。
          注:(1) 介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带 to,有时不带 to,其区别是:若其前出现了动词 do,其后的不定式通常不带 to;若其前没有出现动词 do,则其后的不定式通常带 to。
          (2) 介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语,但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构:
          He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
          5. 形容词作介词宾语
          Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
          In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之,我们要有准备。
          Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
          注:(1) 有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being:
          He regarded the situation as (being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
          His work is far from (being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。
          (2) 有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配(也有的词典认为此结构中的形容词为名词):
          in full 全部地,全面地,无省略地     in private 私下地,秘密地
          in particular 特别地           in general 一般地,通常地,概括地
          in brief 简言之             in short 总之,简言之
          in vain 徒然地,徒劳无益地       for fee 免费地,无偿地
          for certain 肯定地,确切地        for sure 肯定地,确切地
          for short 为了简短,简称         at large 自由自在地,逍遥法外
          by far …得多,最最
          6. 副词作介词宾语
          I can’t stay for long. 我不能久呆。
          It’s too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
          I looked everywhere except there. 除了那儿,我到处都看过了。
          7. 数词作介词宾语
          The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
          He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
          Thy account for one-sixth of the population. 他们占人口的六分之一。
          8. 介词短语作介词宾语
          Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
          I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
          He has known her since before the war. 自战前开始他就认识她。
          We’ve decided to go on foot instead of by bus. 我们决定步行去而不乘车去。
          注:通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是 from, till, until, since, except, instead of 等。比较:
          I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
          I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。
          He didn’t arrive there till [until] midnight. 直到半夜他才到达那儿。
          He didn’t arrive there till [until] after midnight. 半夜过后他才到达那儿。
          9. 复合结构用作介词宾语
          She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
          She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
          All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
            
            
回复

使用道具 举报

0

主题

6913

帖子

1万

积分

论坛元老

Rank: 8Rank: 8

积分
14320
发表于 2016-7-9 18:47:58 | 显示全部楼层

          三、介词短语的句法功能
          1. 表语
          He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
          Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
          This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
          注:有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语,不用作表语:
          误:His absence is because of the rain.
          正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
          但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),because of 引出的短语可用作表语:
          It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
          2. 状语
          Don’t touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
          Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的?
          3. 定语
          This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
          This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
          My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
          4. 宾语补足语
          I found everything in good condition. 我发现一切正常。
          Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
          注:用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语:
          He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
          5. 宾语
          A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
          He cannot spare any time except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
          I won’t go home until after the exam. 我要等考完后再回家。
          参见前面“介词短语用作介词宾语”一节。
          6. 主语
          Between 6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
          After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
          注:介词短语通常不用作主语,尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语,但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略:
          “When are we going to have the next meeting?” “On Tuesday may be convenient.” “我们下次什么时候见面?”“星期二可能比较方便。”
          此句中on Tuesday 虽用作主语,但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词,即:
          Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.(www.yygrammar.com)
            
            
回复 支持 反对

使用道具 举报

0

主题

6968

帖子

1万

积分

论坛元老

Rank: 8Rank: 8

积分
14434
发表于 2016-7-9 20:23:25 | 显示全部楼层

          四、介词的省略
          1. 介词on的省略。表示星期、日期等的时间的介词on有时可省略:
          I’ll arrive (on) Friday. 我将星期五到。
          ISee you (on) June 21st. 6月21日见吧。
          2. 介词for的省略
          (1) 表示一段时间或距离前的介词有时可省略:
          I lived there (for) ten years. 我在那儿住了10年。
          They walked (for) fifty miles. 他们走了50英里。
          但在否定句中或用于句首时,介词for通常不能省略:
          For ten years he lived here. 他在这里住过10年。
          We have not heard from him for a long time. 我们很久没收到他的来信了。
          另外,若所修饰的动词不是在整个时间范围内都自始自终延续,则for也不省略:
          I taught her for three years. 我教过她三年。(其中的for不能省略)
          (2) 某些结构中表示原因的介词for有时可以省略:
          Pardon me (for) interrupting you. 请原谅我打断你的话。
          We quite envy you (for) your success. 我们十分羡慕你的成功。
          Please forgive me (for) my fault. 请原谅我的过错。
          3. 介词at的省略。what time前的介词at通常可以省略:
          What time did he leave here? 他是什么时候离开这儿的?
          另外,在“about [around]+时间名词”前的介词at也通常省略:
          He arrived (at) about ten o’clock. 他大约(在)10点钟到的。
          at home 这一短语中的介词at在美国英语中通常省略:
          Let’s stay (at) home this evening. 今晚我们就呆在家里吧。
          4. 介词of的省略。all of, both of, half of 用于带限定词(如my, the, these等)的名词前时,其中的介词of通常可以省略:
          All (of) the students have passed the exam. 所有的学生都考及了格。
          Both (of) my parents are interested in history. 我的父母都对历史有兴趣。
          Half (of) the milk had been drunk. 有一半牛奶已被喝了。
          注:若用于人称代词前,则其中的of不可省略:
          All (Both, Half) of us wanted to leave. 我们大家(俩,有一半人)都想走。
          5. 介词from的省略。在 prevent [stop]…from doing sth(阻止…发生),save…(from) doing sth(免去…做某事)等结构中的介词from通常可以省略:
          The rain prevented him (from) coming. 大雨使他不能来。
          If I can stop them (from) going there, I’ll do it. 要是我能够阻止他们去那里,我会这样做的。
          If you do it tonight, it will save you (from) having to get up early. 你如果今晚做这事,明天早上你就不必早起了。
          注:在被动语态中from通常不宜省略。另外,在表示类似含义的prohibit…from doing sth 中的from习惯上不省略,而在与此同义的keep …from doing sth中,from则完全不可省略,否则含义不同:
          He kept me from working. 他不让我工作。
          He kept me working. 他要我不停地工作。
            
            
回复 支持 反对

使用道具 举报

0

主题

6880

帖子

1万

积分

论坛元老

Rank: 8Rank: 8

积分
14270
发表于 2016-7-9 22:02:31 | 显示全部楼层

          6. 连接代词和副词前介词的省略。在tell, ask, depend, look, certain, clear, sure, idea, decide 等常用词后面,who, which, what, where, whether, how 等引导的从句前面的介词通常可以省略:
          Have you any idea (of) when he will come? 你知道他什么时候来吗?
          I’m not certain (of) what I’m supposed to do. 我不肯定我应该做什么。
          It depends (on) whether you can afford it. 这要看你是否买得起。
          Tell me (about) what he said to you. 告诉我他给你讲了些什么。
          若以上从句被简化为“疑问词+不定式”,其前的介词也可省略:
          I’m not quite clear (about) what to do. 我不很确定要做什么。
          注:除以上提到的少数情形外,在其他情况下则通常不宜随便省略:
          We’re worried about where he is. 我们担心他上什么地方去了。(about不能省)
          7. 介词in的省略。
          (1) 在 in this way, in that way, in the same way, in another way 等表达中的介词in 通常可以省略:
          Do it (in) this way. 这样做。
          Let me put it (in) another way. 让我用另一种方式解释。
          (2) 许多动名词前的介词in可以省略:
          Be careful (in) crossing the street. 过街道要小心。
          He lost no time (in) answering the question. 他马上就回答了那个问题。
          但若介词 in 出现在句首,则通常不宜省略:
          In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
          在这类用法中要特别注意一些常用句型:
          be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事
          be late (in) doing sth 做某事做晚了或做迟了
          spend money [time] (in) doing sth 花钱(时间)做某事
          waste money [time] (in) doing sth 浪费钱(时间)做某事
          have luck (in) doing sth 做某事时有运气(走运)
          have difficult (in) doing sth 做某事有困难
          have trouble (in) doing sth做某事有困难
          have bother (in) doing sth 做某事费劲
          have a problem (in) doing sth做某事有困难
          have a good time (in) doing sth 做某事很开心
          have a hard time (in) doing sth 做某事很辛苦
          find difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事发现有困难
          There is no difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事有困难
          There is no use (in) doing sth 做某事没有用
          There is no point (in) doing sth 做某事没有意义
          五、besides, & except与but用法详解
          besides, but和except 这三个表示“除了”的介词,是同学们较难掌握也是高考英语中涉及得较多的几个重难点介词。现将其用法详解于下。
          1. 基本区别。三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有…”;而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有…”。如:
          Besides his wife, his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他。
          Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他。
          但是,在否定句中,besides 也表示“除…外不再有… ”,与but, except 同义:
          No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。
          2. 关于 but 与 except
          (1) 两者都可表示“除…外不再有…”,但含义上略有差别:but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较:
          All are here but one. 除一个人都到了。
          All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。
          (2) 在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:
          ① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等
          ② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等
          ③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等
          ④ all, none 等(www.yygrammar.com)
          ⑤ who, what, where 等
          Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。
          I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外,我没告诉任何人。
          No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。
          但是 except 却没有以上限制:
          正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。
          误:The window is never opened but in summer.
          (3) but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首:
          除我之外每个人都累了。
          正:Everyone is tired but (except) me.
          正:Everyone but (except) me is tired.
          误:But (Except) me, everyone is tired.
          注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思:Except for me, everyone is tired.
            
            
回复 支持 反对

使用道具 举报

0

主题

6910

帖子

1万

积分

论坛元老

Rank: 8Rank: 8

积分
14316
发表于 2016-7-9 23:15:45 | 显示全部楼层

          3. 关于 except 与 except for。except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意:
          All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。
          His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。
          若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。
          4. 关于 except for 与 but for。except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用):
          Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。
          But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试。
          But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气,植物就会死亡。
          六、常见成语介词归类
          1. 其他词+of
          ahead of 在…之前,比…强       because of 因为
          inside of 在…以内,少于         instead of 代替,而不
          outside of 在…外面,除…外      regardless of 不顾,不管
          2. 其他词+to
          according to 根据               as to 至于,关于
          contrary to 违反               due to 由于,由于…的原因
          near to 在…的附近             next to 紧挨着,紧次于
          owing to 因为,由于            thanks to 多亏,由于
          3. in+其他词+of
          in advance of 在…前面            in aid of 帮助
          in behalf of 为了,为了…的利益     in case of 如果,万一,以防
          in celebration of 庆祝              in charge of 负责,管理
          in commemoration of 纪念,庆祝     in defence of 保卫
          in explanation of 解释              in face of 面对
          in favour of 赞成,主张            in front of 在…前面
          in honor of 纪念,祝贺,欢迎        in memory of 纪念
          in need of 需要                   in place of 代替
          in possession of 拥有               in praise of 称赞
          in respect of 关于,就…而言         in search of 寻找,搜找
          in sight of 看得见,在看见…的地方    in spite of 虽然,尽管
          in support of 为了支持(拥护)…       in view of 鉴于,考虑到
          4. in+其他词+for
          in exchange for 作为对…的交换       in preparation for 为…作准备
          in return for 作为…的报答           in reward for 作为…的报酬
          5. in+其他词+to
          in addition to 加之,除…之外         in answer to 回答,响应
          in contrast to [with] 与…形成对比      in opposition to 与…相反,反对
          in reply to 作为对…的回答(答复)      in response to 回答,响应
          in [with] reference to 关于            in [with] regard to 关于
          七、介词后接动词名词的常见搭配
          1. 动词+介词to+动名词
          (1) admit to doing sth 承认做了某事
          (2) apply to doing sth 适用于做某事
          (3) object to doing sth 反对做某事
          (4) see to doing sth 负责做某事
          (5) stick to doing sth 坚持做某事
          (6) take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事,逐渐习惯做某事
          2. 动词+宾语+介词to+动名词
          (1) apply oneself to doing sth 专心致力于做某事
          (2) devote sth to doing sth 把时间(钱,精力等)献给做某事
          (3) devote oneself to doing sth 把时间(钱,精力等)献给做某事
          (4) limit sth to doing sth 把…限制在做某事的范围内
          (5) reduce sb to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事
          3. 动词+名词+介词to+动名词
          (1) give one’s life to doing sth 献身于做某事
          (2) give one’s mind to doing sth 专心做某事
          (3) have a dislike to doing sth 厌恶做某事
          (4) have an eye to doing sth 注意做某事
          (5) have an objection to doing sth 反对(反感)做某事
          (6) pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
          (7) set one’s mind to doing sth 决心做某事
          4. be+形容词+介词to+动名词
          (1) be equal to doing sth 等于做某事,能胜任做某事
          (2) be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
          (3) be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事
          (4) be reduced to doing sth使某人沦为做某事
          (5) be devoted to doing sth 把时间(钱,精力等)献给做某事
          (6) be limited to doing sth把…限制在做某事的范围内
          5. 其他结构+介词to+动名词
          (1) get down to doing sth开始做某事,认真处理某事
          (2) look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事
          (2) What do you say to doing sth? 你认为做某事如何?
            
            
回复 支持 反对

使用道具 举报

0

主题

6968

帖子

1万

积分

论坛元老

Rank: 8Rank: 8

积分
14434
发表于 2016-7-9 23:52:10 | 显示全部楼层

          八、误用介词的三种情况
          1. 多用介词。多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错:
          误:We discussed about the plan.
          正:We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
          误:Did he mention about the accident?
          正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
          误:I saw her enter into the bank.
          正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
          误:He married with [to] a nurse.
          正:He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
          误:How can contact with you?
          正:How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
          误:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
          正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
          误:Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
          正:Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
          误:He has a great many of friends here. (比较 a great number of)
          正:He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。
          2. 漏用介词。漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等:
          误:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
          正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
          误:He is not a man to be depended.
          正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
          误:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
          正:He took a cup of tea, and went on with the story. 他喝了一口茶,又接着讲故事。
          误:My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider …as 中的as 可省略)
          正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
          误:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
          正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us. 他们坚持要派车来接我们。
          误:What he says is worth listening.
          正:What he said is worth listening to. 他的话值得一听。
          3. 错用介词。错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是因受汉语意思的而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当地用错:
          误:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地点)
          正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
          误:He is engaged with a nurse.
          正:He is engaged to a nurse. 他与一位护士订了婚。
          误:The sun rises from the east.
          正:The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
          误:Under his help, I finished it in time.
          正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
          误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
          正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places. 他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
          误:We are familiar to his character.
          正:We are familiar with his character. 我们了解他的性格。
          误:Help yourself with the fruit.
          正:Help yourself to the fruit. 吃点水果吧。
          九、重点考点原创精练
          1. There’s something _______ her that I really don’t like.
          A. with           B. for            C. to             D. about   
          2. I was angry _______ him for keeping me waiting.
          A. with           B. to             C. about          D. on 
          3. _______ going to French evening classes twice a week she does yoga on Wednesdays.
          A. Because of      B. Except         C. Besides         D. But for 
          4. _______ cooking, writing and running the farm, she was very busy.
          A. Among         B. Between        C. Over          D. As 
          5. _______ one old lady, the bus was empty.
          A. Except         B. Except for      C. But           D. Besides 
          6. They promise that the work would all be finished _______ next week.
          A. until           B. in             C. by            D. to  
          7. We keep in touch _______ writing often.(www.yygrammar.com)
          A. with           B. of            C. on            D. by 
          8. They insisted _______ a car over to fetch us.
          A. to send         B. sending         C. on sending      D. in sending 
          9. We’ve talked a lot _______ cars. What about trains?
          A. of            B. with           C. about          D. in 
          10. “How long have you been here?” “_______ the end of last month.”
          A. In            B. By            C. At            D. Since
          11. The chemistry teacher required the students _______ more attention _______ the lab clean.
          A. to pay, to keep   B. to paying, to keeping C. to pay, to keeping D. paying, keeping 
          12. “Is your car equal _______ hers in speed?” “No, mine is faster. But my old one equals _______ hers in speed.”
          A. to, to          B. 不填,不填     C. to, 不填        D. 不填,to
          参考答案:1—5 DACBB 6—10 CDCCD 11—12 CC
          http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/201205/2967.html
回复 支持 反对

使用道具 举报

您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 立即注册

本版积分规则

小黑屋|手机版|Archiver|新都网 ( 京ICP备09058993号 )

GMT+8, 2024-4-24 09:50 , Processed in 0.077253 second(s), 7 queries , WinCache On.

Powered by Discuz! X3.4

© 2001-2017 Comsenz Inc.

快速回复 返回顶部 返回列表