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Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten
statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of
the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.
You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a
letter Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet
2.
Endangered Peoples
A) Today, it is not distance, but culture that separates the peoples of the
world. The central question of our time may be how to deal with cultural
differences. So begins the book, Endangered Peoples, by Art Davidson. It is an
attempt to provide understanding of the issues affecting the world's native
peoples. This book tells the stories of 21 tribes, cultures, and cultural areas
that are struggling to survive. It tells each story through the voice of a
member of the tribe .Mr. Davidson recorded their words. Art Wolfe and John Isaac
took pictures of them. The organization called the Sierra Club published the
book.
B) The native groups live far apart in North America or South America,
Africa or Asia. Yet their situations are similar. They are fighting the march of
progress in an effort to keep themselves and their cultures alive. Some of them
follow ancient ways most of the time. Some follow modern ways most of the time.
They have one foot in ancient world and one foot in modern world. They hope to
continue to balance between these two worlds. Yet the pressures to forget their
traditions and join the modern world may be too great.
C) Rigoberta Menchu of Guatemala, the Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1992,
offers her thoughts in the beginning of the book Endangered Peoples. She notes
that many people claim that native people are like stories from the past. They
are ruins that have died. She disagrees strongly. She says native communities
are not remains of the past. They have a future, and they have much wisdom and
richness to offer the rest of the world.
D) Art Davidson traveled thousands of miles around the world while working
on the book. He talked to many people to gather their thoughts and feelings. Mr.
Davidson notes that their desires are the same. People want to remain
themselves~ he says. They want to raise their children the way they were raised.
They want their children to speak their mother tongue, their own language. They
want them to have their parents' values and customs. Mr. Davidson says the
people's cries are the same: "Does our culture have to die? Do we have to
disappear as a people?"
E) Art Davidson lived for more than 25 years among native people in the
American state of Alaska. He says his interest in native peoples began his
boyhood when he found an ancient stone arrowhead. The arrowhead was used as a
weapon to hunt food. The hunter was an American Indian, long dead. Mr. Davidson
realized then that Indians had lived in the state of Colorado, right where he
was standing. And it was then, he says, that he first wondered: "Where are they?
Where did they go? "He found answers to his early question. Many of the native
peoples had disappeared. They were forced off their lands. Or they were killed
in battle. Or they died from diseases brought by new settlers. Other native
peoples remained, but they had to fight to survive the pressures of the modern
world.
F) The Gwich'in are an example of the survivors. They have lived in what is
now Alaska and Canada for 10,000 years. Now about 5,000 Gwich'in remain. They
are mainly hunters. They hunt the caribou, a large deer with big horns that
travels across the huge spaces of the far north. For centuries, they have used
all parts of the caribou: the meat for food, the skins for clothes, the bones
for tools. Hunting caribou is the way of life of the Gwich'in.
G) One Gwich'in told Art Davidson of memories from his childhood. It was a
time when the tribe lived quietly in its own corner of the world. He spoke to
Mr. Davidson in these words: "As long as I can remember, someone would sit by a
fire on the hilltop every spring and autumn. His job was to look for caribou. If
he saw a caribou, he would wave his arms or he would make his fire to give off
more smoke. Then the village would come to life! People ran up to the hilltop.
The tribes seemed to be at its best at these gatherings. We were all filled with
happiness and sharing!"
H) About ten years ago, the modern world invaded the quiet world of the
Gwich' in. Oil companies wanted to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife
Preserve. This area was the please where the caribou gave birth to their young.
The Gwich'in feared the caribou would disappear. One Gwich' in woman describes
the situation in these words: "Oil development threatens the caribou. If the
caribou are threatened, then the people are threatened. Oil company official and
American lawmakers do not seem to understand. They do not come into our homes
and share our food. They have never tried to understand the feeling expressed in
our songs and our prayers. They have not seen the old people cry. Our elders
have seen parts of our culture destroyed. They worry that our people may
disappear forever."
I) A scientist with a British oil company dismisses (驳回，打消) the fears of
the Gwich'in. He also says they have no choice. They will have to change. The
Gwich' in, however, are resisting. They took legal action to stop the oil
companies. But they won only a temporary ban on oil development in the Arctic
National Wildlife Preserve. Pressures continue on other native people, as Art
Davidson describes in his book. The pressures come from expanding populations,
dam projects that flood tribal lands, and political and economic conflicts
threaten the culture, lands, and lives of such groups as the Quechua of Peru,
the Malagasy of Madagascar and the Ainu of Japan.
J) The organization called Cultural Survival has been in existence for 22
years. It tries to protect the rights and cultures of peoples throughout the
world. It has about 12,000 members. And it receives help from a large number of
students who work without pay. Theodore MacDonald is director of the Cultural
Survival Research Center. He says the organization has three main jobs. It does
research and publishes information. It works with native people directly. And it
creates markets for goods produced by native communities.
K) Late last year, Cultural Survival published a book called State of the
Peoples: a Global Human Rights Report on Societies in Danger. The book contains
reports from researchers who work for Cultural Survival, from experts on native
peoples, and from native peoples themselves. The book describes the conditions
of different native and minority groups. It includes longer reports about
several threatened societies, including the Penan of Malaysia and the Anishina
be of North American. And it provides the names of organizations similar to
Cultural Survival for activists, researchers and the press.
L) David May bury-Lewis started the Cultural Survival organization. Mr. May
bury-Lewis believes powerful groups rob native peoples of their lives, lands, or
resources. About 6,000 groups are left in the world. A native group is one that
has its own langue. It has a long-term link to a homeland. And it has governed
itself. Theodore MacDonald says Cultural Survival works to protect the rights of
groups, not just individual people. He says the organization would like to
develop a system of early warnings when these rights are threatened .Mr.
MacDonald notes that conflicts between different groups within a country have
been going on forever and will continue. Such conflicts, he says, cannot be
prevented. But they do not have to become violent. What Cultural Survival wants
is to help set up methods that lead to peaceful negotiations of traditional
differences. These methods, he says, are a lot less costly than war.
46. Rigoberta Menchu, the Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1992, writes preface
for the book Endangered Peoples.
47. The book Endangered Peoples contents not only words, but also
pictures.
48. Art Davidson's initial interest in native people was aroused by an
ancient stone arrowhead he found in his childhood, which was once used by an
American Indian hunter.
49. The native groups are trying very hard to balance between the ancient
world and the modern world.
50. By talking with them, Art Davidson finds that the native people
throughout the world desire to remain themselves.
51. Most of the Gwich'in are hunters, who live on hunting caribou.
52. Cultural Survival is an organization which aims at protecting the
rights and cultures of peoples throughout the world.
53. According to Theodore MacDonald, the Cultural Survival organization
.would like to develop a system of early warnings when a society's rights are to
be violated.
54. The book State of the Peoples: a Global Human Rights Report on
Societies in Danger describes the conditions of different native and minority
groups.
55. The Gwich' in tried to stop oil companies from drilling for oil in the
Arctic National Wildlife Preserve for fear that it should drive the caribou
away.
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发表于 2018-6-2 19:54:52