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2018年6月英语六级长篇阅读练习题(4)

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发表于 2018-5-31 22:48:16 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  Definitions of Obesity
          A: How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just
somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to
whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.
          B: The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into
account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated
by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in
meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to
be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight,
while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.
          C: However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not
take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter
being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat
distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very
muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have
artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education
Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are
starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.
          Health Effects of Obesity
          D: Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons
who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender".
This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a
person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of
developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes
Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels
of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association
between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.
          Cancer
          E: Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between
being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000
Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was
made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with
breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also
increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the
prostate gland for men.
          F: The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be
due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by
the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that
the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the
concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less
affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent
nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily
movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower
predisposition to breast cancer.
          G: The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main
avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!
          Aging
          H: Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a
correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8
years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a
non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years
to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at
least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only
involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding
would also apply to men.
          I: The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres,
tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the
ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock"
because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used
to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere
becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome
from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals
present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation.
Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate
of erosion of telomeres.
          Dementia
          J: Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle
age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s
being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight.
For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35%
higher.
          K: Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in
Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in
education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and
genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to
devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for
the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their
risk of contracting dementia.
          Other Problems
          L: The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major
economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research
conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of
breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination,
the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing
proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment
required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases
require an emergency Caesarean section.
          M: This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.
            
            
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发表于 2018-5-31 23:57:48 | 显示全部楼层

          1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the
obese stage according to the height-weight table.
          2. Using the "Body Mass Index"to define a person's weight ideal is limited,
because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and
ethnic origin.
          3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.
          4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for
man.
          5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast
cancer.
          6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added
7.4 years to her biological age.
          7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can
lead to inflammation.
          8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .
          9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle
changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.
          10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will
possibly drain economies.
          答案
          1. A
          2. C
          3. D
          4. E
          5. F
          6. H
          7. I
          8. J
          9. K
          10. L
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