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有过英文学术写作经验的同学可能或多或少都有这样一个发现：各种“变化”往往会频繁地出现在你的文章当中。生物专业的同学可能会写到：近二十年来，长江江豚的数量已经急剧减少;金融专业的同学可能会写到：本财年第四季度公司的盈利出现了大幅的增长;教育专业的同学可能会写到：学生的阅读能力有了显著的提升，等等。甚至于雅思考试的小作文当中有过半的题目都要求考生描绘一些特定的变化。今天，笔者将通过分析“Obama Talks About the Root of the Crisis”这篇文章来提取一些关于“增长——减少”(低谷——高峰)这一组最主要变化的一些表达法。下面是Obama本次谈话的一些片段节选。
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I am glad to be here. This morning I want to describe our understanding of the root of our current economic crisis, talk about the rationale for the Administration’s recovery strategy, and connect our longer-term economic strategy to the central objective of sustained and healthy expansion.
recovery和expansion直译为复苏和膨胀，都表示增长，前者更暗示低谷过后的增长。
这两个词都是名词形式，他们的动词分别为recover和expand。
(下面两段为经济危机的原因及现状，所以减少、低谷意思的表达法居多。)
Economic downturns historically are of two types. Most of those in post-World War II-America have been a by-product of the Federal Reserve's efforts to control rising inflation. But an alternative source of recession comes from the spontaneous correction of financial excesses: the bursting of bubbles, de-leveraging in the financial sector, declining asset values, reduced demand, and reduced employment.
Downturn的意思为低迷时期，名词。经常用来表示经济低迷，常见的同义词有depression, recession;反义词有upturn, boom, prosperity。
Rising直译为上升的，动名词，后面直接跟名词。动词形式为rise。
Declining和reduced都是rising的反义词，译为减少的、下降的。动词原形为decline和reduce。区别是decline做主动用，reduce做被动用。
Unfortunately, our current situation reflects this latter, rarer kind of recession. On a global basis, $50 trillion dollars in global wealth has been erased over the last 18 months. This includes $7 trillion dollars in US stock market wealth which has vanished, and $6 trillion dollars in housing wealth that has been destroyed. Inevitably, this has led to declining demand, with GDP and employment now shrinking at among the most rapid rates since the Second World War. 4.4 million jobs have already been lost and the unemployment rate now exceeds 8 percent.
Erase, vanish, shrink直译为抹掉、消失和萎缩，都表示减少。意思上的区别为erase和vanish都表示彻底没有了，而shrink则表示虽然有所减少但仍有存在。用法上的区别为erase做被动用，vanish和shrink做主动用。
(下面两段为对今后经济形势的展望，所以上升、高峰的表达法为主。)
I am confident that with the strong and sound policies the President has put forward and the passage of time, we will restore economic growth and regain financial stability, and find opportunity in this moment of crisis to assure that our future prosperity rests on a sound and sustainable foundation.
Growth的意思是增长，名词，它的动词形式为grow，做主动用。常见的同义词还有rise, increase(名词、动词形式一致)。
Prosperity译为繁荣，名词，它的形容词形式为prosperous。Prosperity的反义词就是之前出现过的downturn。
Confidence today will be enhanced if we put measures in place that assure that the coming expansion will be more sustainable and fair in the distribution of benefits than its predecessor. That is why the President has priorities that go beyond the immediate goal of containing the downturn and promoting recovery.
本段当中，除了之前已经提到过的expansion, downturn, recovery，新出现的体现变化的单词为enhance和promote。两者的意思均为提升、促进，动词。除非有明确的主语，否则往往使用被动语态。
最后，大家一起来总结一下。
表示增长(高峰)意思的词有：recovery, expansion, rising, growth, prosperity, enhance, promote。
表示减少(低谷)意思的词有：downturn, recession, declining, reduced, erase, vanish, shrink
扩展出来的同义词、反义词有：depression, upturn, boom, increase
最后希望本文可以为你的写作带来收获!
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发表于 2016-7-10 14:45:03