新东方：托福写作中的逻辑关系词

英语自学网

作文中的逻辑联系词一直都是帮助考生提高自己成绩的至宝。我们在写英文复杂句的时候其实就是将两个或两个以上的句子用连接词连接起来的。前面没有连接词的主+谓+宾的结构叫做主句，而前面加了连接词的主+谓+宾叫做从句。而如果是多个句子的叠加，则结构如下。
     主句+连词+从句+连词+从句
     英文复杂句的本质其实就是这么简单，当然我们还能写出更加困难的复杂句，但从ets给出的满分范文可以看出，真正确保了核心结构才能写出满分的句子。相反的，我们在写托福作文的时候一定要避免为了写难句而写难句（being difficult just for difficulty’s sake）.很多同学一相情愿的写出很多的“难句”，却忽视了ets对托福作文实用加准确的要求，从而拿了出乎本人意料的低分。
    所以考生们在平时练习作文的时候提高自己的联系词实用的熟练度和准确度就是提高考试作文质量的最佳途径。
           转折关系词
    1， While; whereas; whilst：用在句首或是句中都是可以的，表示主句和从句的对比，也就是说这三个词均用来表示句中对比，是不能当成句首副词来用的。
Eg
This is based on the belief that identical twins share all the same genes whereas all the fraternal twins share only half the same genes.
        While environmentalists are quick to blame the increased carbon dioxide emissions for the global warming, the truth is that nobody knows whether a similar warming-and the later cooling-occurred before the advent of temperature-related technology in the 1900s.
    2， by/in contrast:用在句首，表示它之前的一个句子和它后面引导的句子之间的对比，也就是表示句间对比。
    3， on the contrary：这个词考生们都很喜欢用，但是错误率很高。需要注意的是这个词和in contrast弄混了，但其实这个此更接近instead，…的意思。它后面的内容是否定前面的陈述的。
Eg：
It should be noted that not all school kids love to study. On the contrary, they love to explore the world around them, paying little attention to their academic work.
        Contrary to all the experts’ expectation, the American economy took a nosedive.
    4， rather than/instead of: 而不是，这两词是高分范文中的常见词汇，虽然也很为我们所熟悉，但是我们可以在不产生审美疲劳的情况下多使用几次。
At work, we should try to be ourselves rather than to be someone who we think others expect us to be.
Instead of making further requests, pessimistic customers tend to lodge complaints.
   5， Conversely:这货十分难写，跟在它后面的内容一般是把它前面的一句话的意思完全镜像。虽然它在美式议论文还算比较常见的一个单词，但是因为其用法确实让人头痛。具体请看例句：
Studies have shown, for example, that reading aloud to children helps them become better readers. Conversely, children who do not have others reading aloud to them generally find it difficult to learn how to read.
            
            

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            让步关系词
  1. Despite; In spite of; Notwithstanding:  后面跟名词或者代词。
Eg：
Despite considerable public popularity, many of JFK’s social and civil rights programs had made little progress in a Democrat-controlled but conservative Congress.
   2. Nonetheless; Nevertheless: 后面直接跟完整的句子。
Eg：
Nevertheless, people have been harmed, hurt or even killed by them.
  3. Even though:很多时候可以代替although，后面跟从句，表示对已经存在的状况进行让步。
4. Even if：后面跟从句，表示对没有发生的情况进行让步。
5. Albeit：一般用在句子中间，后面跟形容词。
6. As long as：只要，用在句子中间，不仅写作很常用，口语也很常用，比如那句有名的歌词:I don’t care who you are, where you from , what you did as long as you love me.
  7. ….,however +adj.+n.,…: 这个句型也可以表示让步，它的有趣的之处就是名词后面可以省略动词。
Eg：
Most couples, however fossilized their relationship, they always share some interests in common.
  8. Admittedly: 他后面的句子一般都会加个“however”“but”之类的转折词汇。
           限定关系词
  1. In terms of: 从。。。意义上来讲；后面跟名词或者名词短语，用在句首或者句中都可以。
Eg：
We all differ in terms of what we find funny, but we’re all the same in terms our interests to listen to amusing things.
These children are often spoiled, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have time for this, but in more material ways.
          2. As for：后面可跟名词或者名词短语都可以，用在句首
  3. When it comes to:后面跟名词或者名词短语，用在句首，有时候根据上下意思不同还可以再前面加上一个but
  4. Regarding; concerning; with regard to; with respect to：关于。。。后面跟名词或者名词短语，用在句首或者句中都可以
            
            

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          类比关系词
  1. Similarly:“类似地”一般情况下用在句首
Eg:
Similarly, students who have to cope with intense peer pressure may have a hard time concentrating on their academic subjects.
  2. Likewise:同上
Eg
Some people have little power to do good, and to have little strength to resist evil.-------Samuel Johnson.
  3. By the same token:：“同理”
Eg:
The pressure didn’t present any fresh ideas, bun y the same token(=similarly), we didn’t expect any from him.
  4. The same is true of:“这对于。。。也适用”，句首，后面跟名词或者名词短语
           因果关系词
原因：
  1. As; Since:后面跟从句而不能只跟一个名词
Eg：
Since we cannot experience everything all by ourselves, we also acquire knowledge by reading books, magazines and newspapers.
  2. Due to ：后面只能跟从句而不能跟从句。
  3. Owing to：同上
  4. For the sake of，相当于英文中的for the purpose of helping/improving
Eg
My father kept saving his money for the sake of building a house for me.
  5. By virtue of:意识是“通过。。。来。。。”
Eg:
She succeed by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent.
  6. Given that； In view of, in light of“考虑到，鉴于。。。”
Eg:
Given the mounting pressure at work, he would sacrifice his high-paying job in exchange for the leisure time.
所以：
  1. Hence; Thus; Therefore:因此; 用在句中或者句首都可以，如果用在句中的话，则句中用分号，后面跟他们引导的从句。
  2. As a consequence； Consequently；as a result: 作为结果，用在句首比较多，后面用逗号。
  3. So that：因此，用在句中。