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第四节 题型分析
在本节中我们将以题型为依据进行分析讲解，以掌握各种题目的写作方法与技巧。下面就按照题型不同，分别进行讨论。
一、 图表图画题型 (Graphs/Tables and Cartoons/Pictures)
表格和图表题型
表格和图表题型是大学英语写作中较为常见的题型之一，也是难度较大的一种写作题型，故大家应对此类题型加强练习，熟练掌握。
表格和图表题型写作注意事项
l 仔细研究题目以及提示信息，看准、看清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部分的变化趋势和走向，然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。
l
仔细观察分析图表所给出的大量信息，从中选取最重要，最有代表性，最核心的信息，然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息,切忌简单地罗列图表所给出的信息。
l 表格和图表题型写作一般采用一般现在时，但如果图表给出了具体时间参照，则应对时态进行相应的调整。
l 表格和图表题型要求考生使用一些固定句型和表达法，大家应对此融会贯通。
l 表格和图表题型可以细分为表格，曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。除了上述共同要点，还应弄懂这四种图在写作方面的各自特点。
ü 表格形式要求考生对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律。
ü 曲线图形式要求考生认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并且密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。
ü
柱形图形式要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，故考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。
ü
圆形图形式旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的圆形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。
l 列出各段的主题句。考生可以根据所给提纲或已知信息列出每段的主题句，为全文的展开铺平道路。
l 严格围绕主题句展开段落。
l 检查与修改。表格与图表写作的检查与修改应着重检查文章中所列举的信息是否与图表所显示的信息一致。
表格和图表题型写作中常用的核心句型归纳如下：
1. According to the figures given in the table,…
2. This chart shows that...
3. As is shown by the graph,...
4. It can be seen from the statistics (chart \diagram \table graph\
figures)that...
5. It is generally believed(accepted\ thought\ held) that …
6. There is slight (slow\ steady\ rapid)increase (decrease\ decline
\reduction\fall\drop\rise) in demand(income.\population\prices\production).
7. be on the increase (decrease\ rise \decline)(...在不断地增加，减少，上升，下降)
8. From the table (figures\data\results\information),it can be seen
(concluded\shown\estimated\calculated\inferred) that…
9. During the period 1900―2000 (From 1900―2000\Since 1900\For a decade,
from 1905―2005 )
其它常用表达Other Useful Expressions and Structures:
介绍图表
As is shown/described/illustrated/indicated/revealed in the
cartoon/picture/graph/chart/table, ...
As can be clearly seen from the cartoon…
What a vivid picture it is! It tells us that…
According to the table..., As can be seen from the table..., It can be seen
from the table...
It is self-evident that…, It goes without saying that…, There is no denying
the fact that…
统计数据的表达方法
increase/fall slightly/a little/sharply/dramatically/drastically
from...to..., skyrocket/soar/rise/ decline/jump from…to…
remain steady at..., level off at…, peak at..., reach the climax at...,
reach the low at…, account for...
twice/three... times as many/much as..., one fifth/a quarter/a third/a half
of...
数据变化的表达方法
The number/amount of...increased/jumped/rose/decreased/dropped/fell/
suddenly/rapidly/ dramatically/ sharply/ steadily/ gradually/ slowly/slightly
from...to...
There was a
sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steady/gradual/slow/slight
increase/jump/rise/ decrease/drop/fall in the number/amount
of...from...to...
开头和结尾的常用句型
The two graphs describe the same thing seen in two different ways. The
first diagram simply records…The second graph throws a new light on…
The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:…
This table provides several important points of comparison between A and
B.
一般图表作文的特征主要体现在第一段，该段的任务是描述图表同时点明图表所要表达的主题或说明的问题，如：
As is shown in the table (or in the picture)...dropped from... in 1994
to...in 1996.According to the figures given in the table, ...has great increased
(or decreased) in the past...years (or decades), reaching...in 1996. From the
table we can also see that there has been a sharp decline (or rise) in...It is
clear that
大家看下面的实例，注意体会图表作文的写作特点：
实例1----2002年6月真题
Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a
composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120
words and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below
Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week
1. 上图所示为1990年、1995年、2002年某校大学生事业计算机的情况，请描述其变化;
2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因(可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明);
3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。
Model Composition
Great changes have taken place in student use of computers in the
university. The hours the student spent on computers per week skyrocketed from
about 2 in 1990 to 20 in 2000, more than 9 times higher. This rapid increase
proves that students were in closer contact with computers.
To account for this phenomenon, people have come up with various reasons as
listed below. In the first place, with the drop in prices of computers, more
students could afford computers, therefore they could spend much more time with
computers. In the second place, the computers were applied to wider and wider
use and students had to take advantage of this modern invention. Last but not
the least important, the development of society pushed computers into more
dormitories.
Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of
computers. To begin with, many students still have no computers of their own.
What’s more, many students use computers only to play e-games and browse porn
websites, which causes harm to their mind. (172 words)
实例2----1991年6月真题
Changes in People’s Diet
Food19861987198819891990
Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%
Milk10%11%11%12%13%
Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%
Fruit& Vegetable24%22%20%20%21%
Total100%100%100%100%100%
l State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years.
l Give possible reasons for the changes.
l Draw your own conclusion
Model Composition
As is shown in the above table, great changes took place on people’s diet
from 1986 to 1990. On the whole, the consumption of grain decreased year by
year, while that of some high-energy food, such as milk and meat, increased
consistently.
In my opinion, there are two major reasons for the changes in people’s
diet. On one hand, people gave their attention to the quality of their diet. On
the other hand, they could afford to buy more expensive food with better
nutrition owing to the increase of their income.
From the above, we can see that people’s living standard improved
remarkably in the five years from 1986 to 1990. And we can also anticipate that
they will live more and more comfortably and healthily in the future. (128
words)
实例3
Employment Problem of College Graduates
Year20022003(Estimated)2004(Estimated)
Number of Unemployed Graduates380,000420,000500,000
l 描写2002年到2004年找不到工作的大学毕业生的人数变化;
l 分析原因(高校扩招使毕业生供给大于需求，很多毕业生只愿留在大城市，毕业生的专业不适合社会需要等)
l 给出解决问题的办法。
Model Composition
As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of
a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and
social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there will be 500,000 unemployed
graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.
There are several reasons for this phenomenon. In the first place, as the
enrollment of college students has grown by more than 30% annually since 1998,
more and more students are thrown into the labor market. However, our annual GDP
growth has been about 8%. Therefore, the supply of labor exceeds the demand,
hence a shortage of positions. In the second place, many graduates do not want
to work in medium-sized and small cities or towns where they are most needed.
Instead, too many of them crowd in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai or
Guangzhou.
Serious as the problem seems, we can come up with some measures to deal
with it. On one hand, the government should develop our national economy more
rapidly, creating more job opportunities. On the other hand, the college
students must be realistic in choosing jobs. Only in these ways can we hope to
solve the problem. (201 words)
实例4
The Average Life Expectancy in America
Year190019101920193019401950196019701980
ALE47.35054.159.762.968.769.770.873.8
l State the changes in the average life expectancy in America;
l Explain the reasons for the changes;
l Draw your conclusions.
图画作文
除了表格和图表题目，还有与其类似的图画题目。图画写作是较难的题型，虽然大学英语四级考试一直未曾采用，但近年来新题型频繁出现，象报告、公众演讲、导游解说都已考过，故防患于未然，该题型也是大家应该掌握的。
首先看一下图画题型写作注意事项：
l
详细查看图画。对图画进行全面而细致的研究，尤其注意图画中人或物(人与物)的体貌表情特征和背景，确定人物之间，人物与背景之间的主要关系，以便正确掌握图画所传达的信息。
l 如果图画以系列形式(既两幅以上)出现，考生除了掌握每一幅图画的信息，还应该对图画之间的相应联系有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。
l 面对图画题型，应该展开合理而丰富的联想，用生动而恰当的言辞抒发自己对图画的所思所想所感。
l 注意图画题型中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些写作要点。
l 草拟提纲，合理组织材料。根据图画内容的不同采用不同的段落发展方式。如果画面内容是以描述为主，即按空间方位或时间先后顺序排列，可采用“开头――扩展
――结尾”的写作方式。如果画面内容是以解释说明为主，写作时则先给出主题句，再围绕主题句完成各段落的写作，这是采用“主题句――扩展句――总结句”的写作方式。
l 系统且突出地展开段落。展开段落要根据画面内容进行，同时也要围绕每一段的主题句进行。
l
检查与修改。重点检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来，题目所给提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在与画面不相符的内容，或未能完全涵盖题目所给提示，应对文章做出相应修订。
l
大家看下面的实例，注意体会图画作文的写作特点：
实例1
The Harmfulness of Smoking
1. Show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the cartoon;
2. Give reasons why smoking is harmful; and
3. How we can solve the problem.
Model Composition
As is shown in the cartoon, when the man is enjoying the cigarette, the
smoke becomes a monster (怪物) which will devour him. This picture tells us
vividly that smoking is harmful to people.
The harmfulness of smoking can be illustrated in three aspects. First of
all, smoking does harm to people’s health. It is common knowledge that many
deadly diseases derive from smoking. The best example is lung cancer. In
addition, smoking costs a lot of money. It is estimated that tens of billions of
yuan is spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.
Last but not the least important, smoking may cause fire. Do you still remember
the big fire in Northeastern China which caused serious damages to people’s
lives and properties?
Since smoking does so many harms, every one of us should try to do
something to put an end to the problem. The government should make stricter
rules to prohibit smoking in public places and the smokers should give up
smoking. (169 words)
实例2
The Tears of A Bird
l Describe the cartoon and deduce the purpose of the drawer of the
picture;
l State the harmful effects of the phenomenon;
l Give suggestions as to how to solve the problem.
Model Composition
As can be clearly seen from the cartoon, a bird is sitting on the top of a
huge ax, with tears streaming from its eyes. Because all the trees are cut down,
the bird will have no habitat. The cartoon conveys the meaning that it is urgent
to preserve the woods for the birds and protect the environment for human
beings.
The cutting of trees, as well as the destruction of our environment, may
lead to several harms as follows. In the first place, the trees provide us with
many vital things we humans need, such as oxygen, food, shelter and so on. The
animals, such as the bird in the picture, also need the trees. In the second
place, if trees are cut down, then there will be nothing to retain the rain
water, thus floods will happen more often in the future. Last but not least,
there is only one earth. If the environment is destroyed, then we will have no
place to live in.
Since this phenomenon causes so many harmful effects, we have to come up
with some measures to deal with it. First of all, the authorities should adopt
the policy of “sustainable development”, just as our government has been doing.
What’s more, every citizen should realize the seriousness of the problem and
make concerted efforts to protect our environment.
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发表于 2016-7-10 14:35:32