英语写作：英语四六级短文写作5大亮点设计

英语自学网

　　一篇优秀的作文，除了做到结构清晰、句式多变以外，往往还会出现一到两个让教官眼前为之一亮的亮点，这样的亮点设计会给你的作文大大增色，往往会给考官留下深刻的印象。
        　　一、遣词用语准确地道
        　　1.认真辨析同义词
        　　由于英语词义范畴非常广泛，即便是同义词也只是某种程度上的近似，不可能在意义上完全对等。这就需要考生在选词时斟酌其含义的微妙差别，辨析同义词在具体语境中的不同用法。
        　　【例1】
        　　1. Everyone had special interest while reading so we could choose different books to read according to our personal interests.
        　　2. Everyone had special interest while reading so we could select different books to read according to our personal interests.
        　　【分析】choose指的是“一般性的选择”;而select则强调“在一定范围内挑选”，此处明显用后者更为恰当。
        　　2.恰当使用限定词
        　　用词准确从另外一个角度讲就是要使论述客观、适度，这就需要考生适当使用一些限定词，以避免观点的绝对化，从而提高说服力和可信度。
        　　写作中常见的限定词有：may, maybe, perhaps, probably, mainly, generally, commonly, personally, comparatively, typically, usually, sometimes, often, most, mostly, nearly, almost, not necessarily, in general, at least, at most, may as well, had better, to some extent, to some degree, more often than not, for the most part等。
        　　【例2】
        　　I don’t agree with the first argument to some extent.
        　　【分析】to some extent意为“在某种程度上”，表明观点的客观性，避免了绝对化，为自己留有余地。
        　　3.注意词语的习惯搭配
        　　用词准确不但要求考生掌握具体单词的含义，还要熟悉词语的习惯搭配，一定要避免受汉语语意的干扰而出现错误。
        　　【例3】
        　　1. The traffic in many big cities is getting more and more crowded.
        　　2. The traffic in many big cities is getting heavier and heavier.
        　　【分析】汉语中我们可以说“交通拥挤”，但英文中traffic和crowded是不能搭配的，因为crowded是表示街道、房间等地方挤满了人或东西，我们可以说“The street is crowded.”，但不能说“The traffic is crowded.”。而要表达“交通拥挤”，应该用heavy一词。
        　　4.避免生造词语
        　　生编硬造词语是考生在写作中常犯的错误之一，主要表现为将汉语意思生译成英文，即所谓的“中国式英语”。
        　　【例4】
        　　1. To be a three good student is always a symbol of achievement for the Chinese students.
        　　2. To be an all-round student is always a symbol of achievement for the Chinese students.
        　　【分析】a three good student在此是表示“三好学生”，中国人都能看懂，但却令外国人费解，是典型的“中国式英语”;而恰当的表达应该是“an all-round student”，或用比较直白的方式将其译为“an excellent student in all aspects”。
        　　5.避免口语化
        　　六级作文除个别应用文以外，基本都属于较正式的书面文体，因此在写作时要避免使用口语化的词汇，具体遣词时要注意以下几点：
        　　1)避免使用缩写形式，比如 do not不要写成don’t，it is不要写成it’s。
        　　2)避免使用方言俚语，比如a whole 'nother(完全不同的)或flip side(另一面，反面)等。
        　　3)避免使用非标准化的表述方式，比如gonna, wanna之类的口语。
        　　4)尽量使用单词而不是短语，比如用investigate要优于用look into，用determine要优于make up one’s mind，因为相对单词来说，短语更加口语化，而且不够精练。
        　　5)不要总使用常用的、口语色彩较浓的词汇，比如many, about, do之类的词。
        　　3)介词短语的使用
        　　【例10】
        　　1. To start with, pirated products often cost much less than the original ones, so they enjoy unbeatable advantage in price though their quality is relatively poor.
        　　2. To start with, pirated products often cost much less than the original ones, so they enjoy unbeatable advantage in price despite their relatively poor quality.
        　　【分析】第1句中的让步状语从句并不强调动作，只是一种存在的事实，因此第2句用介词短语“despite…”代替了该从句，句子结构更加简化，表达上更加体现出英语味道。
        　　3.动态动词的使用
        　　要做到选词形象生动，还要注意选择具有动态意义的词，这些表示具体动作的动态动词往往比be, there be, make, need等静态动词更有活力，可以达到更好的写作效果。
        　　【例11】
        　　1. There are various answers among different groups of people.
        　　2. Answers vary among different groups of people.
        　　【分析】第1句中使用的there be句型属典型的静态表达，第2句中则使用了动词词组take place，明显比第1句多了一分动态的生气。
        　　4.注意词语的感情色彩
        　　英语中许多词带有自己的感情色彩，有褒义词、中性词和贬义词之分。选词时必须注意这种区分，否则会因褒贬失宜而造成用词不当，影响句子的准确表达。
        　　另外，除了褒贬之分，词语还带有很多其他的感情色彩，如有的明快，有的凝重，有的有讽刺意味，有的带有幽默色彩，如能够恰当运用，无疑会使表达更加形象生动。
        　　【例12】
        　　I am firm, you are stubborn, he is pig-headed.
        　　【分析】firm, stubborn和pig-headed三个词都有“不轻易改变决定”的意思，firm是通常是褒义词，意为“坚定”，stubborn通常是中性词，意为“固执，执着”，而pig-headed通常是贬义词，意为“顽固，僵化”，使用时要注意根据具体的语境选择合适的词。
        　　三、开头结尾突破常规
        　　1.开头的写法
        　　文章的开头除了要表明主题外，还有一个重要的任务就是吸引阅卷老师的注意。因此，开头一定要具有与众不同的吸引力，这样才能给阅卷老师留下深刻的印象。下面介绍几种实用有效的开头方式及常用句型：
        　　1)现象法
        　　所谓现象法，就是在文章开头就指出某种社会现象或问题。这种开头方式在六级写作中十分常见，主要应用于现象解释型作文和问题解决型作文。
        　　【常用句式】
        　　① Recently/ Presently the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of… has been brought into focus./ aroused public attention/ become a heated topic/ been in the limelight.
        　　② With …, there arises a heated debate as to…
        　　③ With the steady/ rapid/ amazing development of…, people begin to…
        　　④ In the past… years, many… have been faced/ troubled/ confronted with…
        　　⑤ Nowadays/ Recently, one of the hottest/ most popular topics/ problems many people complain/ concern about/ talk about/ discuss is…
        　　⑥ Nowadays, our society is witnessing more and more…
        　　⑦ In the past… years, there has been a sharp/ dramatic increase/ growth/ rise/ decline in … According to an official report/ survey/ poll, …
        　　⑧ In recent…years, …has experienced an alarming increase/ growth/ rise/ decline in…
            
            

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        　　【例13】
        　　Nowadays, one of the hottest problems many people complain about now is piracy. Books, tapes, VCDs and other high-tech products have been pirated. For instance, when a new product comes onto market, most probably, its pirated version will soon show up in the market, too.
        　　【分析】本段文字是关于如何解决盗版问题的文章开头，运用了现象法，段首句使用了句式⑤。
        　　2)对立法
        　　所谓对立法，就是引出人们对要讨论问题的不同看法和观点，然后提出自己的看法或者表明自己偏向哪一看法。这种开头方式方式一般用于有争议的主题，主要适用于对比选择型作文。
        　　【常用句式】
        　　① When asked…, a great/ vast majority of people/ most… say that… But I think/ view quite differently. / But in my eye/view,…
        　　② When it comes to…, some people believe that…, but some others argue/ claim that… (the opposite/ reverse is true). There is probably some truth in both arguments/ statements, but …(I tend to agree to/ would prefer the former/ latter.)
        　　③ Now, it is commonly/ generally/ widely believed/ held/ acknowledged that…. They cl
        　　aim/ believe/ argue that… But I wonder/ doubt whether…
        　　④ Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to…. Some people focus on/ advocate/ favor … while others may think…. (From my point of view, …)
        　　⑤ When faced with/ In the face of… quite a few people claim that… but other people argue…
        　　⑥ There is much discussion/ public debate/ controversy nowadays as to the problem of… Some people say that… Others hold that…
        　　⑦ There is a general debate over the phenomenon of … People who are against/ object to it claim/ hold … But people who advocate it, on the other hand, claim/ argue …
        　　⑧ The value of this form of… is now being questioned by…/There is growing skepticism toward…
        　　【例14】
        　　Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to the best measure of a country’s success. Some people focus on rich economy while others may think it is the quality of life that has nothing to do with money.
        　　【分析】本段文字是关于什么是社会成功的标准的文章开头，运用了对立法，段首句使用了句式④。
        　　3)观点法
        　　所谓观点法，就是开门见山，直截了当地提出本文要论证的观点或要解决的问题。这种开头方式主要适于观点论证型作文和问题解决型作文。
        　　【常用句式】
        　　① Now there is a growing awareness/ recognition of the necessity to…/Now people are becoming increasingly aware/ conscious of the importance of…
        　　② It is true that… No one can deny …
        　　③ …, which has been generally accepted. The truth of it is deep and profound/ self-evident.
        　　④ Now people in growing/ significant numbers are beginning/ coming to realize/ accept/ be aware that…
        　　⑤ Nowhere in… / Never in history has the issue/ change/ idea of… been more evident/ visible/ popular/ serious than in…
        　　⑥ Perhaps/ Maybe we should/ it is time to rethink/ reexamine/ have a fresh look at the idea/ value/ attitude/ wisdom/ desirability that…
        　　【例15】
        　　“Haste makes waste”-a proverb full of logic, which has been generally accepted. It tells us that we have to do some steady and down-to-earth work if we want to accomplish something. The truth of it is deep and profound.
        　　【分析】本段文字是关于“欲速则不达”的文章开头，运用了观点法，段首句使用了句式③。
        　　4)比较法
        　　所谓比较法，就是通过对过去、现在两种不同的倾向、观点进行比较，从而引出文章要讨论的观点。一般来说，对过去的观点都只是一笔带过，而将写作的重点放在现在的即文章要讨论的观点上。这种开头方式主要适用于观点论证型作文。
        　　【常用句式】
        　　① For years, …had been viewed as… But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing/ development of…, people…
        　　② People used to think that… (In the past, …) But people don’t share this view now.
        　　③ It is a tradition/ custom/ practice/ traditional way… But now/in recent decades things have changed.
        　　【例16】
        　　It is a custom for Chinese to get married with a person with the same family background, regardless of the fact they may actually do not love each other. But in the recent decades things have changed. Chinese young people now tend to consider love to be the only factor to decide whether they will get married with someone or not.
        　　【分析】本段文字是关于中国人对待婚姻的观念发生改变的文章开头，运用了比较法，段首句使用了句式③。
        　　5)问题法
        　　所谓问题法，就是先将要讨论的问题进行设问，然后在解答的过程中引出观点。这样开头的好处在于从一开始就能引起读者的兴趣，但需要注意的是，如果问题设计不好，就会导致首段中心不突出，主题句表达苍白等负面效果，因此使用时要慎重。这种开头方式主要适用于对比选择型作文和现象解释型作文。
        　　【常用句式】
        　　① Should/ What…? Opinions of/ Attitudes towards/ Answers to… vary widely/ greatly/ from person to person. Some… are favor of/ view/ regard/ think of… Others believe/ argue/ claim…
        　　② “Why do/ have …?” Many … often ask/ pose the question like this.
        　　③ One of the basic/ hot topic facing our society is : What/Why …?
        　　④ How do you think of the problem of …? In seeking answer to this question, …
        　　⑤ Why is there a … in society? It is no easy task to identify the causes for it.
        　　【例17】
        　　“Why do we have to learn Engl
        　　ish while it may be useless after graduation?” Many college students often ask the question like this. Surely it is because they haven’t realized the importance of English. They do not know in the international communication, English is always the language to be used.
        　　【分析】本段文字是关于大学生为什么要学英语的文章开头，运用了问题法，段首句使用了句式②。
        　　6)引用法
        　　所谓引用法，就是在文章开头引用名人名言、箴言、谚语或有代表性的看法，来引出文章要论述的观点。这种方法通过引用切合主题的名言警句，一方面可以突出主题，另一方面也能为文章增加文采，容易给人留下深刻的印象。但是这种开头要求考生必须有一定知识储备，对所使用的名言警句等要应运自如。另外，所引用的名言警句一定要为中心服务，不能单纯为了增加文采而引用。这种开头方式主要适用于观点论证型作文。
        　　【常用句式】
        　　① One of the great/ early writers/ philosophers/ scientists said/ wrote/ remarked, “…”If this is true/ the case, then the present/ current view/ value/ attitude/ situation should make us wonder whether…/ ponder over…
        　　② “…” The same idea/ complaint/ attitude is voiced/ echoed/ shared by…
        　　③ “…” How often we hear/ We are used to hearing/ Many people have heard(such) statement/ words/ complaint like/ as this/ those.
        　　④ There is an old/ popular saying/ proverb which goes that…. The truth of it is profound and significant./ Under its simplified cover, a truth is ironically pointed out, that is, …
        　　⑤ One great … had ever said/ once remarked, “…”Now it still has a realistic/ profound significance./ Now it is still working in our modern society./ Now more and more people share this belief./ The remark is still confirmed by people in today’s society./ the remark has been shared by generations./ The view has been echoed by many …
        　　【例18】
        　　There is an old proverb which goes that the grass is always greener on the other side of the valley. Under its simplified cover, a truth is ironically pointed out, that is, people are not contented with the already blessing situation. On the contrary, we always think that there are people around us who are much more fortunate than us. In fact this kind of opinion is very dangerous.
        　　【分析】本段文字是关于成功是靠运气还是靠努力奋斗的文章开头，运用了引用法，段首句使用了句式④。
        　　2.结尾的写法
        　　文章的结尾一般篇幅不宜过长，但却也是决定文章成败的点睛之笔。面对堆积如山的试卷，阅卷老师的精力更多的是放在文章的开头、各段的过渡及文章的结尾。好的结尾，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，加深阅卷老师的印象。一篇文章的结尾是否能够产生最佳效果，关键是能否使用恰当的方法和优秀的句式有效地体现文章主题。
        　　1)总结法
        　　所谓总结法，就是通过文章前面的讨论分析引出一段总结性的言论，重申文章的中心思想或总结自己的观点，作为全文的结束。这是一种最常见的结尾方式，主要用于观点论证型作文和对比选择型作文。
            
            

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        　　【常用句式】
        　　① Given the factors that I have just outlined, it is wise to support the statement that…
        　　② From what has been discussed above/Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely/ undoubtedly draw/ come to/arrive at the conclusion that …
        　　③ Taking into account all these factors/ In view of the above-mentioned facts,we should draw/ come to/arrive at the conclusion that…
        　　④ All the available/ conclusive/ reliable/ striking evidence goes to show/ piles up to show that…
        　　⑤ All the evidence/ analysis supports/ warrants an unmistakable/ fair conclusion that…
        　　⑥ All the evidence/ analysis justifies/ confirms an unshakable/ sound view/ idea that…
        　　⑦ All the available/ conclusive/ reliable/ striking evidence points to the fact/ lends support to the view that …
        　　⑧ To sum up/ conclude,…/ The conclusion is self-evident.…
        　　⑨ Weighing up these two arguments, I am for ….
        　　⑩ Taking into account all these factors/ In view of the above-mentioned facts, I prefer …
        　　【例19】
        　　To conclude, smoking is nothing but evil as it is so harmful to people. All smokers should be taught of the great harm of smoking and be persuaded out of smoking. More importantly, we should protect our children from the harm of smoking through education.
        　　【分析】本段文字是吸烟有害健康的文章结尾，运用了总结法，段首句使用了句式⑧。
        　　2)后果法
        　　所谓后果法，就是对所讨论的问题或现象可能会产生的后果做出预测或分析。这种后果可能是积极的，也可能是消极的，需根据文章主题而定。这种结尾方式主要适用于问题解决型作文和现象解释型作文。
        　　【常用句式】
        　　① Clearly/ Obviously/ No doubt, if we do not/ cannot…/ if we ignore/ are blind to…, there is every chance/ chances that…/ it is very likely that…
        　　②Any person/ nation/ society who/ which ignores/ is blind to/ fails to learn… would pay a heavy price.
        　　③ Fortunately, however, more and more people come to realize the importance of… and improvement si in near future.
        　　④ If we work on… from now on, in foreseeable future, we will not be perplexed/ cursed/ overwhelmed by the same dilemma/ problem.
        　　⑤ If we can solve the problem with no efforts spared, human being will not be caught/ stuck in the same conditions.
        　　⑥ There is no effective/ easy solution/ approach to the issue/ problem of…, but… might be helpful/ beneficial./ but our commitment will be rewarded as long as we insist on assuming our responsibility on it.
        　　⑦ Following these methods may not guarantee the success in…, but the pay-off will be worth the sweat we shed.
        　　⑧ The effect that… will bring about are far-reaching.
        　　【例20】
        　　All these things come to one simple fact: people are always trying very hard to get a better life. Any nation which ignores the importance of developing its productivity and consequently improving the life of its people will have to pay a heavy price.
        　　【分析】本段文字是关于要重视提高人们生活水平的文章结尾，运用了后果法，段首句使用了句式②。
        　　3)呼吁法
        　　所谓呼吁法，就是在文章结尾敦促或呼吁读者作出努力，对某问题予以关注或采取行动。但是需要注意的是，不能空感口号，痛下决心，这样会使文章显得空洞，不伦不类。这种结尾方式主要适用于问题解决型作文。
        　　【常用句式】
        　　① It is high time that we…/ It is ripe time for us to… in no half-hearted manner.
        　　② It is essential/ necessary/ important/ imperative that effective/ quick/ proper measures/ actions/ steps/ remedies should be taken to…
        　　③ If there is time to…, it is now.
        　　④ To reverse the trend is not a light task, and it requires keen consciousness of…
        　　⑤ There is no denying that considerable attention must be paid to the plight of…
        　　⑥ We must call for an immediate action/ method, because the current tendency of …, if permitted to develop at will, it will result in the destruction of …
        　　⑦ Only when… all go into action can we…
        　　【例21】
        　　It is high time that we took some measures to protect our environment. Government should make a law to punish those polluting our environment, and the public should realize the importance of environmental protection.
        　　【分析】本段文字是关于如何保护社会环境的文章结尾，运用了呼吁法，段首句使用了句式①。
        　　需要注意的是，结尾一定要与主题相匹配，切忌谈一些与主题无关的内容。另外，除了以上方法，结尾也可采用引用法和提出建议法。而且在实际写作时，可以不必局限于一种方法，要根据实际情况将几种方法有效结合。
        　　四、适当运用修辞手法
        　　1.比喻
        　　六级写作中常用的比喻手法是明喻和暗喻。明喻要使用诸如like, as之类的比喻词，另外as if, as though, as… as, similar to等也可以表示明喻。暗喻一般不用比喻词，只是用be动词表示比喻对象的相似性。
        　　【例22】
        　　Working in big companies is similar to the role played by a screw in a big machine.
        　　在大公司工作的人就像是大机器上的一颗螺丝钉。
        　　【分析】本句运用了明喻的修辞手法,形象生动地描述了在大公司工作的情形。
        　　2.平行结构
        　　平行结构指的是将结构相同或相似、意义并重、语气一致的语言成分并行排列的一种修辞手法。这种结构层次清晰、语意顺畅，能够起到加强语气、增强表达效果的作用。
        　　【例23】
        　　If you promise to help when ou should say “No”, you may in the end fail to keep your promise and lose your friend’s trust. On the other hand, even if you have succeeded in fulfilling your friend’s will, you may fell depressed because you must have put in too much energy or money. You may even become a criminal if you help to do something.
        　　【分析】本段文字将三个结构相似的句子并行排行，三个句子层层深入，表现出很强的逻辑性。
        　　3.修辞问句
        　　修辞问句以提问形式出现，却并不表示疑问，其目的是为了引起读者注意或表示强调。一般可分为设问和反问两种形式。
        　　设问一般自问自答，答案紧随在问题之后;反问一般只问不答，答案就蕴含在问句当中。
        　　【例24】
        　　1. Will so-called lucky numbers really bring people good luck? I don’t think so.
        　　2. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have their own opinions.
        　　【分析】以上两句话均运用了设问的修辞手法，答案紧随其后。
        　　【例25】
        　　1. Why not work together to put an end to such immoral behaviors?
        　　2. Isn’t it high time we eliminated fake commodities from the market?
        　　【分析】以上两句话均运用了反问的修辞手法，答案即在问句之中。
        　　4.重复
        　　重复主要起到强调、渲染和号召的作用，常见的重复方式主要有两种：同成份重复和同义重复。
        　　【例26】
        　　We, though different in colors, different in languages, and different in cultures, can bind together to fulfill any tough mission.
        　　【分析】本句运用了同成分重复的修辞手法，起到了突出强调的作用。
        　　5.夸张
        　　夸张是一种故意言过其实，或夸大或缩小事物的形象，突出事物的某种特征或品质，鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。
        　　【例27】
        　　I have got a million reasons to object to your proposal.
        　　【分析】本句运用了夸张的修辞手法，起到了突出事物特性的作用。
        　　五、恰当使用警句格言
        　　如果能在文章中恰当地引用一两句警句格言或名人名言，不但能起到支持和突出主题的作用，还会大大增加文章的文采，达到意想不到地表达效果。
        　　【例28】
        　　As a Chinese old saying goes, traveling ten thousand miles and reading ten thousand books is the top ideal for people. Travel does broaden our mind. It enables us to appreciate beautiful scenery, value the culture and customs of a people and lean the history.
        　　【点评】本段话是一篇文章的开头段，通过“traveling ten thousand miles and reading ten thousand books is the top ideal for people(行万里路，读万卷书)”人人认同的格言引出“旅游开阔视野“的主题，令人信服，且颇显文采。