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初中英语语法大全:非谓语动词

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发表于 2016-7-9 17:32:55 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
一)非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。
                     
  Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用)
                     
  爬山是一项好运动。
                     
  Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. (wearing ... 分词起形容词作用)
                     
  你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗?
                     
  He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用)
                     
  他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。
二)谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别:
                     
  3) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
                     
  Miss Mary teaches us English.
                     
  玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语)
                     
  Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
                     
  维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。
                     
  (to have a talk.... 不定式作状语)
                     
  4) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
                     
  Larke likes the pop music.  拉克喜欢流行音乐(动词用单数第三人称形式)
                     
  Larke has nothing to do today.拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用原形)
                     
三)非谓语动词的特征:
                     
  3 如果非谓语动词是及物动词,后面须跟宾语。
                     
  Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。(studying 后跟宾语)
                     
  To help him is my duty.  帮助他是我的责任。(help 后跟宾语)
                     
  4 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。
                     
  Working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。
                     
  (under such a condition 是 working 的状语)
                     
  It's too difficult for him to master
                     
  English in such a short time.
                     
  他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。 (for him 作不定式的逻辑主语)
                     
  5 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。
                     
  I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。
                     
  (to have kept...是不定式的完成形式)
                     
  Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.
                     
  从山上看,这座城市美丽多了。
                     
  (Seen from...是分词的被动形式)
                     
  6 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。
                     
  Our coming made him happy.
  我们的到来使他很高兴。(coming 起名词作用)
                     
  There are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。
  swimming 起形容词作用)
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-9 17:50:10 | 显示全部楼层

       
       
四)非谓语动词的形式变化:
不 定 式  主   动       被    动                   
一  般  to write        to be written                    
进  行  to be writing      /                    完  成  to have written     to have been written                    
完成进行  to have been writing  /
                     
现在分词  主   动     被    动                   
一  般   writing      being written                    
完  成   having written   having been written
                     
过去分词   一般    written
                     
动 名 词    主   动     被    动                   
一  般    writing      being written                    
完  成    having written   having been writt
                     
五)分 词
 分词是由动词 +ing 或 动词 + ed 构成,它在句中起形容词或副词的作用,可以作定语,表语,状语。
  分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种,现在分词的形式同动名词一样,在动词后面加 ing 。 而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加 ed. 分词在句中可作定语,状语或表语。
分词和动名词的区别:分词和动名词都可以作定语,判断是分词还是动名词,可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断, 有主谓关系的是分词, 否则判断为动名词。
a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。(分词)
a swimming pool 游泳的池子 (动名词)
动词不定式
动词不定式即to+动词原形,是一种非谓语动词,它也没有人称和数的变化,但它还保留了动词的一些特征,可带宾语和状语,构成不定式词组。
不定式词组在句中的作用:
不定式作名词的用法
1.主语
        名词用法的不定式和名词一样,可担任句子的主语。
        To dance is a lot of fun.
        =It is a lot of fun to dance.跳舞非常有趣。
        To grow plants is very important.
        =It is very important to grow plants.
        种些植物是非常重要的。
不定式在句中做主语时,一般用it做形式主语,不定式放在后面。
2、表语
        不定式像名词一样,可以放在be动词后面,形成表语。
My work is to clean the room every day.
        我的工作是每天打扫这间屋子。
        The best plan is to leave at once.
        最上策的计划就是马上离开这儿。
3.宾语
        不定式用在及物动词后,担当宾语。常见的及物动词:want,hope,wish,like,begin(start),try,need,forget,agree,know,learn,promise,refuse,help等。
        They began to read and write.
        他们开始读和写。
        What sports does Li Ling like to play?
        李玲喜欢玩什么?
        注意
        would like to~也是想要~的意思,不过比want to~更客气。
        want to be~的be可以用become来替换。
        4宾语补足语
        She asked me to speak more loudly.
        宾语    宾补
        他要求我再大声点儿。
        Lucy told him not to cry.
        路希告诉他不要哭。
        Jim told Li Ming to give his best wishes to everybody.
        吉姆告诉李明由衷地祝福每个人。
比较
        I found that to learn English is important.
        我发现学英语很重要。
        5不定式作定语
        I have a lot of work to do.
        我有许多事情要做。
        1.不定式有时起形容词作用修饰名词或代词,在句中担任定语。不定式作定语时,它的位置在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。
        Have you got anything to say?
        你还有什么要说的吗?
        Are there many places to see in London?
        在伦敦,有许多可看的地方吗?
        I have some books to give you.
        我有一些书要给你。
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-9 19:27:35 | 显示全部楼层

       
       
2.如果不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面就应有必要的介词。
        注意
        如果不定式所修饰的名词是time,place或way,不定式后面习惯上要省略介词。
        He had no money and no place to live.
        他没有钱也没地方住。
        They have a lot of things to talk about.
        他们有许多事情要谈。
        (talk是不及物动词,必须加上介词about)
        He is looking for a room to live in.
        他正在找一间屋子住下。
        (live是不及物动词,必须加上介词in;同时room是不定式live这一动作的地点,也必须加上in,否则to live the room是不成立的,只能是to live in the room)
        There is nothing to worry about.
        没什么事情可担心的(没什么可担心的事情)。
        3.不定式修饰something,anything,nothing时,放置在它们的后面。
        如果something,anything,nothing有形容词来修饰,那词序应该是something(nothing,anything)+形容词+不定式~.
        There is nothing to eat.
        没有东西可吃了。
        “疑问词+不定式”结构
        I know how to cook.
        我知道如何煮。
        I don't know what to buy for you.
        我不知道要买什么东西给你。
        不定式中省去to的情况
        1.当两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时,第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式往往省略to,参见下文首
        例;但是,如果是在对照的场合,就不可以省去to,
        参见下文后例。
        He told me to finish my homework and(to) hand it in.
        他对我说:“完成作业并把它交上去”。
        It is better to laugh than to cry.
        笑比哭好。
        2.在感官动词see,watch,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice等后面既可接不带to的不定式也可接v-ing形式作宾补,但表达的意义不同。
I saw him dance.
        被动:He was seen to dance.
        我看到他跳舞。
        Did you hear someone knocking at the door just now?刚才有人正在敲门你听见吗?
Yes,I heard him knock several times.
        3使役动词make,have,let及had better后等所接的宾语中(不定式)作宾语补足语),不定式应省去to。但是在被动语态中,则to不能省掉。
The boss made them work the whole night.
        老板迫使他们工作了一整夜。
        被动:They were made to work the whole night.
        It's raining hard.You'd better stay at home.
        4.help后面的不定式可带to,也可不带to。
        I often help him(to)clean the room.
        我常常帮他打扫房间。
         5不定式中原形动词的省略
        为了避免重复,口语中常可省去与前边动词重复的动词原形,而只留下to。
        Would you like to go with me?
        你愿意和我一起去吗?
        I'd like to.我愿意。
        If you don't want to read it,you don't need to(read it).
        如果你不愿意读它,就不必去读。
常见的不定式的用法:
hope to do sth.希望做某事
        hope该词只有此句型,而没有hope sb.to do sth.(×)
        I hope to do it myself.我希望自己亲自做。
        (×)I hope you to do it yourself.
        too…to~/enough to~(这是两个非常有用的句型,务必要熟记)
        I was too tired to sleep.我太累了,(以致)难于入睡。
        He was lucky enough to find a seat.他够幸运的,能找到座位。
        1.句型:too +形容词或副词+to do~.
        太……(以致)不能(做)……
        They are too shy to speak English.
        他们太腼腆了,说不了英语。
        The boy was too frightened to move.
        小男孩太害怕了,(以致)一步也动不了。
        此句型还可以是too…for sb. / sth. to do~.意思是:对于某人(某物)来说,太……以致不能……
        The question is too difficult for us to answer.
        这问题对我们来讲太难了,我们不能回答。
        形容词+enough to do sth.十分(足够)……
        He is rich enough to buy a car.
        他很富有,可以买辆小汽车。
        It is(was)+形容词+of(for)sb. to~.
        It is kind of you to help me.您能帮助我,真是太好了。
        It is easy for me to speak English.对于我来讲,说英语很容易
        《It is(was)+形容词+of(for)sb.to~.》这一句型非常重要,应用也十分广泛,应特别注意of和for的使用情况。
        在什么情况下用for sb.,什么情况下用of sb.呢?
        主要从以下两方面来进行区别:
        1.两者所使用的形容词不同
        a. for sb.的句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词
        如:easy,difficult,hard,important,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,interesting等。
        It was hard for him to say good-bye.
        对他来说,道声再见是很难的。
        b. of sb.的句型一般用表示主观感情或态度的形容词。如:good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless等。
        It is foolish of you to do that.
        你真傻,做那样的事。
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-9 20:19:07 | 显示全部楼层

        V-ing形式包括传统语法中所说的动名词和现在分词,它也是各地中考试题的一个考查热点。本文以2003年和2002年全国部分省市中考试题为例,分析中考V-ing考查热点。
  考点一:V-ing形式作宾语
          (一)作动词的宾语
          英语中有些动词后要用V-ing形式作宾语,在初中阶段学过的常见的动词有:enjoy, finish, mind, keep(on), practise, consider, suggest, miss等。这些动词后面只能接V-ing形式作宾语,而不能接不定式作宾语。例如:
          I enjoy learning about new things. 我喜欢了解新事物。
          Would you mind calling back some time tomorrow? 请你明天给我回电话好吗?
          I have finished writing the composition. 我已经写完了作文。
          I am sorry I missed seeing you while you were in Beijing. 很遗憾在北京时我没有见到你。
          They decided to keep trying. 他们决定继续试验。
        【典型试题】(注:试题选项下划线项为答案)
          1.-It's too hot. Would you mind_________the door?
          -_________. Please do it. (2003重庆)
          A. to open; OK
          B. opening; Certainly not
          C. opening; Of course
          D. to open; Good idea
          2. Miss Zhang likes the students_________books in the reading room, and she herself enjoys_________books. (2003山东)
          A. to read; to readB. read; reading
          C. reading; readingD. to read; reading
          3. Lily finished_________the book yesterday. (2003 北京)
          A. readB. reading C. to read D. reads
          4. No matter how hard it is, we'll keep_________until we make it. (2003辽宁)
          A. failedB. failingC. triedD. trying
          5. -How can I improve my spoken English?
           -You have to practise_________as much as possible. (2003扬州)
          A. speakB. speaking
          C. spokenD. to speak
          (二)作介词的宾语
          V-ing形式作介词宾语的情况很多,常常在某些固定短语之后。例如:
          She is afraid of going out alone at night. 她害怕晚上单独外出。
          The children are fond of reading storybooks. 儿童喜欢看故事书。
          I am proud of having a friend like you. 我为有你这样的朋友感到骄傲。
          Are you interested in going to the show? 你有兴趣去看演出吗?
          He succeeded in solving the problem. 他终于把问题解决了。
          【典型试题】
          1. Lucy is interested in_________.
          (2002哈尔滨)
          A. listen to musicB. listening music
          C. flying kitesD. read books
          2. -Thank you for_________the ruler from the floor for me.
           -That's all right. (2002 湖州)
          A. playing forB. playing with
          C. pointing toD. picking up
          考点二:V-ing形式作宾语补足语
          在某些感官动词如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, find等和某些使役动词如keep, leave等后可用V-ing形式作宾语补足语。例如:
          I saw them forcing the door open with a hammer. 我看见他们用锤子强行把门砸开。
          I heard her singing in the room when I passed by. 我经过时听见她在房间里唱歌。
          I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。
          We felt the house shaking. 我们感到房子在摇晃。
          Maybe you'll find him waiting for you at the gate. 也许你会发现他在门口等你。
          【典型试题】
          1. The young lady watched her daughter_________ a yoyo yesterday afternoon. (2003重庆)
          A. to play withB. playing with
          C. to playD. plays
          2. A policeman saw two thieves_________a girl's mobile phone on a bus and he caught them at once. (2003陕西)
          A. to stealB. stealing
          C. stoleD. stolen
          考点三:V-ing形式的固定搭配
          V-ing形式常常用于下列固定搭配中:be busy (in) doing sth. (忙于做某事),spend some time (in) doing sth. (花费时间做某事),stop / prevent sb. from doing sth. (阻止某人做某事),feel like doing sth.(意欲做某事),can't help doing sth.(禁不住做某事),have fun doing sth.(很高兴做某事),have difficulty (in) doing sth. (做某事有困难)等。例如:
          She couldn't help crying when she heard the news. 她听到这个消息时忍不住哭了起来。
          I don't feel like eating anything at the moment. 现在我不想吃东西。
          We are busy preparing for the final exam. 我们正忙于准备期末考试。
          Nobody can stop us from going there. 谁也不能阻止我们去那里。
          【典型试题】
          1. We must do something to stop people from_________.
          A. to throw litter about
          B. to throw litter into
          C. throwing litter about
          D. throwing litter into
          2. -What are you busy_________these days?
          -Nothing much. (2003厦门)
          A. doB. doingC. to doD. done
          3. It was very late. She stopped the children from_________TV.
          A. watchesB. to watch
          C. watchedD. watching
          4. He has caught a bad cold, and he doesn't feel like_________.
          A. to eatB. eatingC. eatsD. ate
          5. Now more and more people are busy_________ about the Internet.
          A. learnB. to learn
          C. learningD. learned
          考点四:V-ing形式与不定式的区别
          (一)stop, go on后接V-ing形式与不定式时的区别
          在stop, go on后可接V-ing形式,也可接动词不定式,但意义差别很大。stop doing sth.表示"停止做某事",V-ing形式作stop的宾语;stop to do sth.表示"停下来去做另一件事",不定式是stop的目的状语。go on doing sth.表示"继续做同一件事",go on to do sth.表示"接着做另一件事"。例如:
          The doctor told him to stop smoking. 医生要他戒烟。
          He stopped to smoke a cigarette. 他停下来抽烟。
          He went on studying and finally received his doctor's degree. 他继续学习,最后取得了博士学位。
          After reading the text, he went on to do his homework. 读完课文后,他接着做作业。
          【典型试题】
          1. If you don't feel well, you may just_________.
          A. stopped readingB. stop reading
          C. stopped to readD. stop to read
          2. Stop_________so much noise!My father is sleeping.
          A. to makeB. making
          C. to hearD. hearing
          3. -Let's have a rest, shall we?
          -Not now. I don't want to stop_________the letter yet.
          A. writeB. to write
          C. writingD. and write
          4. Mr. Brown asked us to stop_________, and we stopped ______ to him at once.
          A. talking; to listenB. to talk; to listen
          C. talking; listeningD. talk; listen
          (二)V-ing形式与动词不定式作宾语补足语时的区别
          在see, watch, notice, hear, feel等动词后,既可用V-ing形式作宾语补足语,也可用不定式作宾语补足语,但在用法上有区别。用V-ing作宾语补足语,表示动作正在进行,即动作处于发生的过程中,还没有结束;用不定式作宾语补足语,表示动作发生了,即动作全过程结束了。例如:
          I saw the girl getting on the bus. 我看见那个女孩在上公共汽车。
          I saw the girl get on the bus and left. 我看见那个女孩上了公共汽车走了。
          Do you hear her singing an English song? 她在唱一首英语歌曲,你听见了吗?
          I heard her sing an English song. 我听到她唱了一首英语歌曲。
          【典型试题】
          1. -Tom, have you seen your brother?
           -Oh. I saw him_________basketball on the playground on my way home.
          A. playB. playsC. playing D. played
          2. When I was walking in the street, I saw a plane_________over my head.
          A. fliesB. flyingC. flew D. to fly
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