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发表于 2016-7-9 17:32:17 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
名词部分
          1. 一般而言,英语中表示度、量、衡、价格的单位名词为可数名词,有单数与复数的词形变化。
            one penny →six pennies one dollar →two dollars
            但是其谓语动词仍旧用单数形式。
            Twenty miles is a long way to walk.
          2. 音译的汉语量词,一般不用复数形式,如里(li), 斤(jin), 亩(mu), 元(yuan) , 角(jiao),
            分(fen)etc.
            The pig weighs over one hundred jin.
          3. 某些名词的复数形式,有时具有特别的意思。例如papers (文件,证件);goods (货物);
            clothes (衣服);arms (武器);minutes (记录);times (时代);greens (青菜);
            looks (外貌);manners (礼貌);peoples (民族,种族);words (言语);
            grounds (场地,庭园);works (工厂、工事、著作)
          4. 有些名词经常带着-s词尾的。但通常把它们当作单数看待,只有在个别的句子里才作复数处理。
            如news, politics, physics, the United States, the United Nations...
            某些表示由两个部分构成的物体的名词,如trousers, glasses, shoes, chopsticks, 还包括
            goods, arms, clothes, minutes, contents, wages都可作复数。
            His clothes are quite old.
          5. 一般地说物质名词和抽象名词是不可数名词,因此没有复数形式,如information, knowledge,
            advice, milk, water, ice, bread。但是某些名词以复数形式出现时,其含义或表示若干种类,
            或表示数量之多。
            There are many fishes in the river. 河里有许多种鱼。
            She told him of all her hopes and fears. 她把她所有的希望及担忧之事告诉了他。
          6. 有些集体名词通常用作复数。police, people, youth, cattle,其单数形式分别为:
            a policeman, a person, a young person, a cow
          7. 常考不可数名词:advice, baggage, equipment, information, luggage, furniture, fun,
            weather, knowledge, jewelry, progress, news, work, music, health, luck。
          8. 复合名词的复数形式:girl friends, boy students, women teachers, men workers, passers-
            by(复合名词中有主体名词), go-betweens, grown-ups(复合名词中无主体名词)
          9.不能被's所替换的名词所有格形式:the city of Beijing, at the age of 20, the experience
            of the old, the struggle of the poor…
        冠词部分:
          1. 必须加the的几种情况:the same, the only, the very前;by the +计量单位;by the dozen,
            by the day, by the pound
            It's the very book I'm looking for.
            The workers are paid by the hour.
          2. as 引导的让步状语从句中,如果表语(宾语)为单数可数名词,不用冠词。
            Student as he is, he never obeys the teacher.
        代词部分:
          1. it, that, one, the one, the ones, those区别
            My pen was lost. I cannot find it. (同一物体)
            My pen was lost. I have to buy a new one. (同类不同一)
            The population of Shanghai is much larger than that of Tianjin. (不可数名词)
            This pen is not the one I lost yesterday. (特指)
            The pens are not the ones/ those I lost yesterday.
          2. each, either, both, neither, every, all区别
            Trees are planted on both sides of the street.
            Trees are planted on every/each side of the square.
            Trees are planted on neither side of the street.
             Trees are planted on all sides of the square.
          3. another, the other, other, others区别
             Another student came in.  (another后接可数名词单数,表示泛指。)
            I have two brothers. One is a teacher. The other is a doctor.  
            I ate half of the peach and left the other half to my brother.
            (“one+名词单数… the other+名词单数… ”是固定搭配,表示“两者中一个……,剩余一
             个……”,还可以表示“一个整体的一半……,另一半……”)
             Some students are playing football on the playground. Others(other students)are doing
             their homework in the classroom.
             (some+可数名词复数 … other+可数名词复数… 也是一个固定搭配,表示一些……,另外一
             些……)
          4. none, nothing, nobody, neither
             —How many students are there in the classroom?    —None.
             —How much money do you have?    —None.
             —Is there anybody in the classroom?    —Nobody.
             —Is there anything in the room?    —Nothing.
             —Would you please lend me some ink?    —Sorry, but I have none left myself.
             I want neither of the two books.
            I want none of the three books.
             —What do you want?    —Nothing.
             —Of the three things, which do you want?    —None.
          5. 反身代词应注意以下几点:
             I myself think… 我本人认为……
            Help yourself! 请随便吃吧
            Make yourself at home! 别客气
            Don't upset yourself. 别自寻烦恼
            make oneself heard/ understood
            between ourselves, do you think... 私下里说
            In itself, his illness is nothing to worry about. 就疾病本身而言,没什么可担心的。
            He is not quite himself today. 他今天感到不舒服。
            by oneself = alone, without help 单干、无人帮忙
            for oneself 为自己;of oneself 自动地
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-9 19:02:35 | 显示全部楼层
副标题#e#
        数词部分:
          1. 倍数
             This ruler is twice/three times longer than that one.
            This ruler is twice/three times as long as that one.
            This ruler is twice/three times the length of that one.
          2. 数字+名词+形容词构成复合形容词,中间的名词要用单数形式。
            It's a five-foot-deep hole.
            The hole is five feet deep.
            It's a hole five feet deep.
            误:It's a three-meters-long table.
             正:It's a three-meter-long table.
        形容词、副词部分:
          1. 下列形容词做表语,通常不用“人”做主语:
             possible, impossible, probable, necessary, convenient, inconvenient.
             It is probable that it will rain today. (正)
             It is probable to rain today. (误)
             It is likely to rainy today. (正)
             You can go there if you are necessary. (误)
          2. 只能做定语的形容词有:live活着的,现场的;main主要的;chief级别最高的,主要的;left
             左边的;right 右边的;inner 内部的;outer 外部的;upper 上面的;former 从前的;elder
             年长的;eldest 最年长的;latter 后者的;lesser 次要的;major 较多的;minor 较少的;
             wooden 木制的;earthen 土制的;woolen 毛纺的;brazen 铜制的;golden 金的。
             My main purpose is to help you here.
          3. 只能做表语的形容词有:alone, alike, awake, asleep, lit, content。一些以a-开头的形容
             词,如asleep,afraid,awake,alone,aware,alive等不能做前置定语。
             He is alone, but he doesn't feel lonely.
          4. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序依次是:冠词(所有格;指示词;数词);品质;大小长短;形状;
             新旧;颜色;产地;材料;用途;
             a beautiful little round red Chinese wooden public reading room
          5. 能修饰形容词比较级的有:much, rather, even , still, far, any, no, a little, a bit,
             a lot, a great deal, yet等;能修饰形容词最高级的有:by far, very, much。
             I'm much better now.
            I'm a great deal better now.
            He is by far the best student in my class.
          6. 注意几个短语的用法:
             1) the tallest of all The girl is the best student of all.
            2) the smaller of the two This island is the larger of the two.
            3) less rich than He is less poor than his brother.
             4) the more…, the better… The more you look at it, the better you like it.
             5) not more beautiful than, no more beautiful than
            误:He is no more clever than his brother. So he can solve the problem.
             正:He is no more foolish than his brother. So he can solve the problem.
          7. 具有两种形式的副词,注意辨别用法:deep, deeply;high, highly;wide, widely;direct,
             directly;first, firstly;free, freely;hard, hardly;late, lately;just, justly;
             most, mostly;firm, firmly;direct, directly;even, evenly;
          8. 注意几组副词的区别:loud, aloud, loudly;near, nearly, almost;fair, fairly, rather,
             quite;also, as well, too, either;very, much, very much;much too, too much;
             误:I'm deep moved by what he said.
            正:I'm deeply moved by what he said.
          9. 几个易错的副词:home, downtown, downstairs, abroad
             误:He went to abroad three years ago.
             正:He went abroad three years ago.
        介词部分:
          1. at, in, on (表地点,表时间)
          2. from, for, since (表时间)
          3. below, under, above, over 表地点的区别
          4. between, among 的区别
          5. except, besides, except for, but, other than的别
          6. by, with, in (表方式)
          7. It is + adj. of sb. to do sth. / It is + adj. for sb. to do sth.
          8. on与in表示处于某种状态:on表示处于动态状态,如正在从事某种活动或处于某种运动状态
            之中,如on business, on a visit, on strike, on sale, on show, on watch, on holiday。
             in多用于表示静态状况,如安全、危险、健康、情绪等,如in trouble, in danger, in order,
             in surprise, in silence, in high/ low spirit。
          9. 当形容词被副词too或enough修饰时,其后只能用for:
            The shoes are too large for me.
          10. of +抽象名词= 形容词;of + great/ much +抽象名词= very + 形容词;of + no +抽象名词=
            not + 形容词
            of great value= valuable
            of no use= not useful
            of much importance= very important
          11. with的用法考查是一个高考热点,可以表示特征、伴随、随着、原因等。
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-9 19:30:15 | 显示全部楼层
副标题#e#
        时态语态部分:
          一般现在时注意以下三点。
          1. 表时刻表的情况下,一般现在代替将来时态用;
            误:The plane will take off at 10p.m.
            正:The plane takes off at 10p.m.
          2. “主将从现”符合的原则是:if条件句,时间状语从句,方式状语从句和让步状语从句。
            If he comes, I'll let you know.
            Next time I'll do as you say.
          3.be to do 表有责任、有义务做某事;be going to do 表示有计划性、准备做某事;will do 一般
            情况下使用
          现在进行时注意以下四点:
          1.和always, constantly, forever, continually连用表示说话人的感情色彩,责备,埋怨等;
            He is always thinking of others.
          2. 强调情况的暂时性;
            He is walking to school because his bike is being repaired.
          3. 强调一时的表现;
            He is being silly.
          4. 表将来。
          一般将来时注意以下三点。
          1. 表倾向,习惯性动作。意为“会,不能不,没法不”;
            We will die sooner or later.
          2. 表推测
            The man in the middle will be visiting president.
          3. 表容量
            The hall will seat 500 people.
            误:The machine doesn't work.
            正:The machine won't work.
          
          一般过去时注意:一般过去时说没有想到是指过去没有想到。
          I didn't expect you were here.
          I didn't think you would come.
          现在完成时的适用范围。
          1. 过去动作对现在的影响和结果;
            I've already finished my homework, so I can leave now.
          2. 过去开始持续到现在;
            Great changes have taken place in China in the past five years.
          3. 曾经经历过的事情;
            Have you ever been to the Summer Palace?
          4. 在主将从现中,如果没有一般现在,可以选现在完成时态。
            If I finish/have finished my homework, I'll go home.
          过去完成时注意两点。
          1. 它是和一般过去时对应存在的,没有一般过去时,就不存在过去完成时。
          2. 用在no sooner…than, scarcely…when, hardly…when, had intended, had hoped,
            had planned等短语中。
            误:I hoped to go there, but I didn't.
            正:I had hoped to go there, but I didn't.
          that从句用完成时。
            It/This/That is the first/second/last time that…
            This is the first time that I have been in Beijing.
            It/This/That is the only…that…
            That is the only book that I have really enjoyed in my life.
            It/This/That is the + 最高级…that…
            It is one of the most interesting books that I have ever read.
          一般不用进行时的词:没有延续性的词(accept, decide, want等),know, think, agree, mean,
          love, like, cost, exist, hate, dislike, fear, 系动词。
          误:I'm wanting to know the reason.
          正:I want to know the reason.
          主动表被动的适用范围:
          1. 表衡量的动词。
            The room measures 5 by 6.
          2. sell, write, wash, read, wear, keep, drink等表状态的情况下。
            The pen writes well.
            The clothes wash well.
          3. 在动词不定式中主语发出的动作。
            I have a lot of work to do.
          4. 动词不定式前面的词为形容词时。
            The question is easy to answer.
          5. 在need, want, require, be worth后面doing主动表被动。
            The bike wants repairing.
            注意:The bike wants to be repaired.
          没有被动语态的情况:
          1. 系动词;
            He looks well today.
          2. 不及物动词;
            The sun rises in the east.
          3. 固定词或短语中。如:happen, take place, go up, break out, come about, add up to,
            belong to等。
            The book belonging to me is missing.
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-9 20:26:50 | 显示全部楼层
副标题#e#
        情态动词部分
          can, could
          1. 表示体力、眼力方面的能力,能做某种动作的能力;
            I can ride a bike.
          2. 在口语中,can 可代替may“表示许可”;
            Can I use your dictionary?
          3. 在疑问句中表示怀疑;
            Can it be true?
          4. 在否定句中,表示判断或推断。
            You can't be hungry so soon. You've just had lunch.
          may, might
          1. 允许(正式或比较客气的场合);
            You may use my car.
          2. 可能:用在陈述句中;
            It might be right.
          3. 表示判断:不太肯定;
            He might be sleeping now.
          4. 表祝愿;
            May you succeed!
          5. may/ might as well不妨
            You may as well tell me the truth.
          must
          1. 必须
            You must do it at once.
          2. 不许、禁止(否定)
            You mustn't waste our time.
            —Must I leave now?
            —No, you needn't /you don't have to.
          3. 作判断(肯定的判断)
            The light is on. He must be in the office.
          shall
          1. 用于二、三人称表允许、命令、警告。
            You shall leave the door or I'll call the police.
            She shall do as she is told.
          2. 征求对方意见或向对方请示(用于一、三人称)。
            Shall I open the window?
          should
          1. 应该(责任/义务,任何人称)。
            You should study English hard.
          2. 预测(对将要发生的进行预测)“可能、该”。
            They should be there by tomorrow.
          3. 竟然
            The dog should understand German.
          will
          1. 愿意、意愿、意志、决心(用于各人称)。
            If you will wait, I'll come back.
          2. will= probably表一种猜想。
            You will remember the story I told you last time.
          3. 征求意见,用于第二人称。
            Will you give me a piece of paper?
          4. 否定表“可否”。
            Won't you take off your cap?
          5. 表某种倾向或习惯性动作。
            Fish will die out of water.
          would
          1. 意愿
            Would you please do me a favor?
          2. I'd/should/would like to=want to
            I'd like to see Mr. Smith.
          3. 表过去习惯动作(表过去习惯的动作,现在如何不知道)。
            When we were children, we would go swimming every summer.
          4. 一种揣测。
            That would be his mother.
          need, dare
          1. 作实义动词,要后接to(尤其need)
            She dares to speak and dares to act.
            I need to go now.
          2. 在否定、疑问、条件句中,可作情态动词用。
            If they dare come, they will never be able to get away.
            She needn't go.
            She doesn't need to go.
          几个“情态动词+have done”
            ought to /should have done 表示应该做某事而未做,表责备,表埋怨
            could have done 本可以做某事而未做
            needn't have done 不需要做某事而做了
            The plants are dead. I ought to/ should have watered it.
            The plants are dead. I should have watered it.
            It's quite near. I could have come here on foot, but I took a taxi.
            You needn't have brought such a big dictionary. Here's one for you.
          情态动词表推测:
          1. 一定用must;
            You look pale. You must be ill.
          2. 可能用may, might, could;
            He may be ill. That's why he didn't come.
          3. 一定不能或疑问句中用can, could.
            You can't have met him at the airport. He went to Japan a week ago.
          情态动词表推测反意疑问句,还原成原来的时态,再反问。如:
          It must have rained last night, didn't it?
          He must have waited for you for a long time, hasn't he?
          He must be waiting for you outside, isn't he?
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-9 21:50:40 | 显示全部楼层
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          反意疑问句:
          1. Let us…, will you?
          2. Let's…, shall we?
          3. 祈使句的反意疑问句用will you。
          4. 宾语从句反意疑问句原则上反主句,但是如果主语是I,则反问从句。
            He said you were a good student, didn't he?
            I think you are right, aren't you?
          5. 带有否定前后缀的句子还是肯定句;带有否定副词的句子在句中是否定句。
            He dislikes you, doesn't he?
            He never likes you, does he?
              非谓语动词部分
          动词不定式几点注意。
          1.下列动词或动词短语后接不定式:agree, seem, appear, offer, happen, wish, hope, pay,
           expect, long, plan, intend, promise, pretend, decide, afford, manage, choose, be said to,
           would like to等。
          2. 不定式常用的句型:too…to do (太……而不能), …enough to do…(够……就能
           ……), so as to do/in order to do(为了……),so…as to do/such…as to do(如
           此……结果……)。在这些常用句型中,注意so as to /in order to,前一个不能用于句首,而in
           order to既可放在句首,也可放在句尾。so…as to与such…as to的区别是:so后一般接形容词或副
          词、可数名词单数(so + adj.+ a/ an + n.)。“such”后一般接可数名词复数、不可数名词和可数
          名词单数形式(such + a/an + adj. + n.)。
          3. 不定式的三个结构:即否定结构、复合结构和疑问结构。否定结构为“not (never) to do”;
          疑问结构是特殊疑问词“how (what, which, who, whether…) to do”;复合结构是“for/ of +名词
          (或代词宾格)+ to do ”。
          4. let/ make/ have/ see/ hear/ notice/ observe/ listen to/ look at/ watch/feel
          这些动词带不定式作宾补时,省掉to, 若这些动词以被动形式出现时,应加上to。
          5. 当前面是the first, the second, the last, need, plan, time, chance, right,determination,
          ability, opportunity(机会),way时,一般用不定式作定语。
          6. but/ except + to do/ do 结构,要根据谓语动词来确定其后面的形式。当谓语动词是do,
          does, did时,but后用动词原形;谓语动词是其他动词时,but后用“to + 动词原形”的形式。
          7. 不定式的逻辑主语要与主语保持一致。
          To study a foreign language, practice is needed. 这个句子逻辑主语不一致,应改为:To study
          a foreign language, one needs practice. 学习外语需要操练。
          8. 形容词后一般用不定式(除busy, worth 两个外) 。
          You are sure to succeed. 你一定能成功。
          I’m sorry to have given you a lot of trouble. 对不起,给你带来那么多麻烦。
          He is busy preparing his lessons at present. 他现在正忙于预习功课。
          9. 不定式作定语和表语时,有时需要在后面放上一个适当的介词。
          This is a bench to sit on.(这是用来坐的凳子。)
          This room is comfortable to live in. (这个房间住起来很舒适。)
          10. 在“主语+系动词+adj.+不定式”这个句型中,当主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时,不定式不用
          被动,不能在动词后再放宾语。
          The question is easy to answer. (question是answer的宾语,不能说:The question is easy to
          be answered. 也不能说:The question is easy to answer it .)
          11. 不定式的动词与前面的动词一致时,可以省掉该动词,但to 不能省掉;其后如是be 或have等
          词时,一般不能省。
          动名词的注意要点:
          1. 以下动词和动词短语后只能接动名词:
          常用动词:finish, mind, suggest, keep, enjoy, practice, consider, excuse, miss, escape,
           resist, allow, permit, imagine, risk, delay, forbid, appreciate, understand
          动词短语:give up, insist on, look forward to, it is (no )good (use, harm), object to(反
           对), get down to, devote oneself to, spend…doing, prevent…(from)…, waste…doing, have
           (no) difficulty (in) doing, stick to, keep…from, stop…from
          2. 接不定式、动名词意义不同的动词和结构:
          stop to do/stop doing        停下来做……/ 停止做…….
          remember to do/remember doing    记住要去做……/ 记得曾做过……
          forget to do/forget doing      忘记去做……/ 忘记曾做过……
          try to do/try doing         努力(尽力)做……/ 试着做……
          regret to do/regret doing      遗憾地去做……/ 后悔做过……
          mean to do/mean doing        打算做……/ 意味着做……
          want to do/want doing        想做……/ 需要被做……
          go on to do/go on doing       接着做另一件事/ 接着做未做完的同一事
          like to do/like doing        喜欢做……(非经常性)/ 喜欢做(指习惯,爱好).
          feel like doing/would like to do  想做……/(要做……)
          set about doing/set out to do    开始做……
          prefer doing/prefer to do      喜欢做……
          prefer + doing to + doing
          would rather + do than + do     宁愿……而不愿
          prefer to + do rather than + do
          used to + do            过去经常做……
          be used to + do           被用来做……
          be/get used to doing        养成做……习惯
          can’t help (to) + do        不能帮助做……
          can’t help doing          止不住地做……
          can’t help but + do        不得不
          cannot choose but +do= cannot but do
          3. 动名词的两个结构(即否定结构和复合结构),否定结构是not +动名词;
          复合结构是:代词宾格(形容词性物主代词) + 动名词
          4. 动名词的几种形式要记清:doing 一般式;not doing 否定式;being done被动式;having
          done完成式;having been done完成被动式
          5. 动词need、want、require后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义(= to be + 过去分词)。
           The baby wants washing. (= to be washed)
          6. 在worth后用动名词主动形式,在worthy后用动名词被动形式。
          The film is worth seeing. =The film is worthy of being seen.
           =The film is worthy to be seen.
          7. to后接动词时,to是不定式符号,应该接原形动词;to是介词应要接动名词。这一点一定要
          判断清楚。在“get down to开始做……;look forward to…盼望……;stick to…坚持做……;lead
          to…导致……;devote oneself to…献身于……;to be devoted to …献身于……;pay attention
          to …注意……;object to 反对做…… ”中,to都是介词,其后面应该接动名词。
          8. 介词后一般接动名词。in doing … 在做……过程中;on doing … 一……就……;before
          doing … 在做……之前;after doing …在做……之后;without doing 没做……
          分词的用法注意:
          1. 分词的两个结构
          否定结构:not + 分词
          Not having known his address, I didn’t write to him.
          复合结构(独立主格结构)有两种形式:
          名词(代词主格)+分词(只作状语)
          with+名词(代词宾格)+分词(作状语或定语)
          The day’s work done, they went home. 他们做完一天的工作就回家了。
          He sat there with his feet pointing to others. 他坐在那儿,把脚指向别人。
          2. 现在分词的完成时态不能作表语、定语和宾补,只放在状语的位置上。现在分词一般时态的
          被动结构(being + v.-ed)表示“正在被”之意,而在动名词中只表示被动。
          Having answered the letter, he stood up and talked to me.(时间状语)
          Being cheated made him sad. (被骗这件事,不一定是正在受骗)
          The meeting being held now is of great importance. 现在正在开的会很重要。
          3. “使……怎么样”之类的动词(amuse, astonish, excite, frighten, interest, move, relax,
          satisfy, shock, surprise, encourage, disappoint, puzzle, tire, please, inspire, terrify,
           worry),它们的-ing形式表示主动,而过去分词表示被动。一般情况下,“人”用过去分词,
           “物”用 ing形式。
          4. 分词和不定式都作状语,其区别是分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式和说明,
          而不定式表示目的和结果,关键是体会句意之间关系。
          5. 独立主格结构放在句首不能误当成并列句,分词作状语放在句末不能误当成并列谓语。
          There being no buses, we had to walk home.
          The students worked in the fields, laughing and talking).
          6. 为了使概念更明确,在分词前可以用when, while, if, once, unless, as if, than,
          as这些连词。
          I will go if invited (= if I am invited).
          7. seat/ dress这两个动词后如有宾语用现在分词,反之用过去分词。include/ consider这两个
          动词如果放在名词之前用现在分词,名词之后用过去分词。missing/remaining作“丢失的”和“剩下
           的”讲,只有现在分词形式;left作“剩下的”讲只能放名词后或代词后。例如:We went there,
           including our boss. / We went there, our boss included.
          8. 一些只用现在分词形式的固定结构:generally/ seriously speaking,judging from (by)…,
          但 to tell the truth, to be sure, to be exact 要用不定式。
          9. spoken English 是“英语口语”,而English-speaking是“讲英语的……”,后面一般接
          名词,它是个形容词。
          10. open作形容词用是“开着的”,而“关着的”是closed。 形容词close 是指“距离”,不
          是“关着的”意思。
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-9 21:58:13 | 显示全部楼层
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        状语从句部分
          1.while 是高考中的高频词,它既可引导时间状语从句,又可引导并列句,还可引导让步状语
          从句,表示“尽管”。
          2. no matter wh- 与 wh-ever 的联系及区别:no matter wh- 只引导让步状语从句,此时与 wh-
          ever通用。wh-ever又可引导名词性从句, No matter wh-不能。
          No matter when / Whenever he comes back, he should be invited to the party.
          3. 在条件,时间和让步从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时,用现在完成时表将来完成时,
          用一般过去时表过去将来时。在 since 引导的时间状语从句中,动词一般都用一般过去时,而
          主句常用现在完成时。
          4. 状语从句的倒装一般有下面几种情况:① 否定词开头;② so 加 adj. 开头;③ as /
           though引导的让步状语从句。
          5. 连词before小结:
          We had sailed four days before we saw land. (……才)
          We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired. (不到……就)
          Please write it down before you forget it. (趁……)
          Before I could get in a word, he had measured me. (还没来得及)
          It will be/was…before… 要过多久才……
          6. because, since, as 引导原因从句的区别:because表达直接原因,语气最强,回答why;
          since通常放句首,译为“既然”;as引导不谈自明的原因,语气最弱;
          7. as可以引导多种从句,要注意其中的区别。
          8. till, until和not…until的区别;if和unless的区别。
        名词从句部分:
          1. that不可省略的情况
          2. that引导同位语从句和that引导定语从句的区别:同位语从句中的that是连词,不做成分,只
           连接主从句,不能省略;定语从句中的that要代替先行词在从句中做主语、宾语或者表语,并且做宾
           语时可以省略。从语义上看,同位语从句是对前面名词的解释、说明或内容;而定语从句时对前面名
           词的限定。
          We should consider the students’ request that the school library provide more books on
          popular science. (that引导同位语从句)
          The only hope that he expressed was that they would do what they could to help the people
          in disaster areas. (that引导定语从句)
          3. 要根据句子结构尤其是谓语动词判断从句的类型:
          What is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games took place in Beijing.
          本句含有一个主语从句和一个表语从句,主句的动词为is。
          It is known to us all that the 2008 Olympic Games took place in Beijing.
          本句含有一个主语从句,主句的动词为is known to。
          As is known to us all, the 2008 Olympic Games took place in Beijing.
          本句含有一个定语从句,主句的动词为took place,as引导非限制性定语从句。
          4. 名词性从句的语序和语态。
          名词性从句均应用陈述语序,不能用疑问语序,其时态应该和主句时态保持一致。
          5. 名词性从句中连词的省略。
          介词后的连词以及引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。that引导名词从句(除了引导第一个宾
           语从句可省略外)都不可省略,但是引导定语从句并在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
          that不能省略的情况:
          1)介词后面的that不能省略:
            Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.
          2)当that引导的宾语从句位于句首时:
            That he ever did such a thing I don’t believe.
          3)主句谓语动词和that从句之间有插入语,that不省略:
            She said that, if she failed, she would try again.
          4)当宾语从句有其他从属连词时,that不省略:
            He told me that if it was necessary they would work extra time.
          6.名词性从句中it的使用:
          为了保持句子平衡,多数情况下,it作形式主语或形式宾语,将真正的主语或宾语从句后置。
        定语从句部分:
          1. that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用
          which。口诀:
          That which可互换,下列情况下须照办:
          That情况特别多,不防对你说一说:
          不定代词这路货,全用That准没错;
          先行词前被修饰,千万不能用which;
          要用which别着急,介词提前逗隔离。
          2. “介词+关系代词”的情况:
          在固定短语中介词不能提前;
          判断介词的口诀:瞻前顾后看意义
          瞻前——看先行词;顾后——找从句动词;看意义——看全句表达含义
          3. 先行词在从句中充当地点状语时,关系词用where 或者介词加which;先行词在从句中充当时间状语
          时,关系词用when或者介词加which;先行词在从句中充当原因状语时,关系词用why或者for which。
          4. 关系词应用口诀:
          一看指人还是物,二看介词在何处,三看句中作何用,四看是否属特殊。
          5. 注意as和which在非限制性定语从句中代表主句所表达的内容的区别:
          位置不同:as从句放在主句前或后均可;而which从句只能放在主句后
          作用不同:as从句动词常常是see \know等,因而相当于插入语;which从句则在陈述一件事实。
          6. 注意定语从句的主谓一致性
          关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。
          7. 保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠:在定语从句中,不管出现任何情况,主句的结构必须
           完整,即主句必须有主语和谓语,缺一不可,否则,整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较:
          Is this factory the one we visited last week?
          Is this the factory that/ which/省略 we visited last week?
            
            
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发表于 2016-7-9 22:57:28 | 显示全部楼层
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        主谓一致部分
          1. 不定式短语、动词-ing形式或名词性从句作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
            Who will do the job hasn’t been decided yet. 谁来做这项工作还没决定。
            what引导主语从句时,如果其表语是复数形式,谓语动词要用复数形式。
            What he took with him were two books. 他带去的是两本书。
          2. “名词或代词+由with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, but ,except,
            including, in addition to, like, no less than, rather than等引起的短语”作主语时,谓语
            动词与前面的名词或代词的数一致。
            Mr. Li together with his two sons has gone to the cinema.
            李先生和他的两个儿子看电影去了。
          3.“more than one/many a + 单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。“More+复数名词 than
            one”作主语,谓语则用复数形式。
            More than one person has known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。
            More persons than one have known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。
          4.“一两个……”,用“one or two+名词复数”表达时,谓语用复数;用“a(an) +名词单数or
            two”表达时,谓语动词用单数形式。
            One or two days are enough for them.
            =A day or two is enough for them. 给他们一两天时间足够了。
          5. 当两个名词表示同一人、同一事物、同一概念或一个完整的东西时(其特征是and后的名词前无任何
            冠词) ,谓语动词用单数形式。当and连接的并列单数主语前分别有no,each, every, many a,
            more than one 等修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式。
            Bread and butter is a daily food in the West. 奶油面包是西方的日常食物。
            Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film. 许多教师和学生都看过这部电影。
          6. 不定代词one, no one, the other, another, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone,
            everybody, nobody, anything, something, everything, nothing, each, either 以及被each,
            every修饰的名词做主语,尽管有些表达复数意义,但是,它们的谓语应该用单数形式。
            None knows the weight of another’s burden. 见人挑担不吃力。
          7. 在定语从句中,当关系代词 who, which或 that做主语时,从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一
            致。“one of+名词复数”后面的定语从句, 谓语动词应该用复数;而“the (only) one of + 名
            词复数”后面的定语从句的谓语应该用单数形式。
            The teacher who teaches us English is from England. 教我们英语的教师是英国人。
            He is one of the students that have passed the exam 他是通过了考试的学生之一。
          8. 某些集体名词,如family, audience, class, club, company, crew, enemy, government, group,
            party, public, team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个
            个成员而言,谓语动词用复单数形式。
            My family are all fond of going to the cinema. 我全家都爱看电影。
            The family is rather big, with twelve people in all. 这个家庭很大,总共有12个人。
          9. 当表示时间、距离、金额等度量的复数名词作主语,把它看作一个整体时,谓语动词一般用单数。
            但若与pass, go by, spend, waste等连用时,谓语动词用复数。
            Surely 15 minutes is enough time for you to have a coffee. 你喝杯咖啡15分钟当然足够了。
            Six months have passed, and we still have no news of them.
            六个月过去了,我们依然没有他们的消息
          10. 由两个部分构成一个整体的物品名词做主语,如shoes, glasses, boots, socks, scissors,
            compasses, trousers, shorts等,谓语通常用复数形式。但带有pair这样的量词时,谓语要与量
            词的数保持一致。
            His trousers are new. 他的裤子是新的。
            That pair of trousers was sold out. 那条裤子卖出去了。
          11.“分数(百分数)+ of + 名词”以及 “all (most, some, any, half, a lot, part, the rest)
            + of + 名词”做主语时,谓语动词的数与of后的名词的数一致。
            Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is water. 地表四分之三都是水。
        倒装部分
          全部倒装。
          1. 介词短语表方位提前,如:in front of, in the distance等。
            In front of the lake lies a house.
          2. 做状语的副词置于句首,如:in, out, down, up, back, over, away, off以及here, there, now,
            then等。但是主语为人称代词时不倒装。
            Here comes the bus.
            Here he comes.
          3. such 位于句首做表语时全部倒装
          部分倒装。
          1. no sooner ... than ... 和 hardly ... when ... 通常用来表示过去发生的活动,意为“一
           ……就”,是同学们容易出错的句型。值得注意的主要有两点,一是时态,二是倒装。所谓时态,就
           是主句须用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。而倒装则是指如否定词no sooner和hardly在句首,主
           句要倒装,从句不可倒装。
          2. not only ... but also ...在句首,应该从两个方面加以注意:如连接的是两个并列主语,须注意
           主谓一致问题,即谓语动词单复数与后一个主语保持一致;如连接的是两个非主语,句子要倒装。
          3. neither ...nor ... 连接两个分句,两句都要倒装,并且都用一般过去时。
          4. by no means,at no time,in no case,in no way 和 under no condition 置于句首用倒装。
          5.only 在句首时要注意两点:紧跟在only之后的如果是状语(从句),倒装应该在主句进行,状语从
           句本身不可倒装。only如果所修饰的不是状语,而是主语或宾语等,即使在句首,句子也不得倒装。
          6. so/ such ... that引导的结果状语从句,如果so/ such ... 部分被置于句首,主句要倒装。但必
            须注意的是,这里的倒装是部分倒装,而不是全部倒装。
          7. as引导让步状语从句时,使用“表语+as+主语+谓语”结构,如果表语是单数名词,倒装后的名词前
           不用冠词。
          8. 虚拟条件句也可以部分倒装,但必须注意的是:从句一定要有助动词(had, were, should等),没
           有助动词,从句不可倒装。
          9. 副词 so 或neither/nor 位于句首,表示前面所说的情况,也适合于另一人或物,句子通常要部分
           倒装。肯定句用so,否定句用neither/nor。但是如果前后为同一人或物,出于强调,即便将so置于句
          首句子也不可倒装。
        虚拟语气部分
          主语从句的虚拟
          1. It is + adj. + that sb. (should) do
            常见的形容词有:necessary, important, strange, natural
            It's important that he take my advice.
          2. It is + n. + that sb. (should) do
            常见的名词有:a pity, a shame, no wonder, one's wish
            It's a pity that he be so silly.
          3. It is + done + that sb. (should) do
            常见的过去分词有:suggested, advised, demanded, requested, required, asked, ordered,
            proposed, decided, desired, insisted等。
            It's requested that she go home as soon as possible.
          宾语从句的虚拟
          1. 表命令,表建议,表要求的动词,后接宾语从句虚拟。虚拟的构成为(should) do。
            I advise that he stay at home.
          2. wish后接从句,虚拟的构成是往过去推一个时态。
            I wish I had watched the football match last night.
          注意以下几组词或短语用于虚拟语气中。
          1. as if, as though
            He speaks English as if he were a native speaker.
          2. otherwise, but, even though
            He was ill. Otherwise he would have been there.
          3. with, without, but for
            Without your help, I would have died two years ago.
            But for your help, I would have died two years ago.
          4. would rather
            I'd rather you told me yourself.
          5. It's time that
            It's time that you went to bed.
            It's time that you should go to bed.
          6. for fear that, in case
            Take an umbrella in case that it should rain.
          7. Would you mind
            Would you mind if I smoked here?
          8. May you…
            May you be happy for ever!
        (责任编辑:何莹莹)
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