2012年12月英语四六级语法：定语从句

英语自学网

　　定语从句在听力、阅读和翻译中经常出现，是需要重点把握的语法点之一。
        　　在把握定语从句的时候大家要注意以下几点：
        　　1. 定语从句的作用主要是用来修饰先行词；
        　　2. 定语从句和主句之间需要有关系词来进行连接；
        　　3. 关系词在从句中代替先行词，并且充当一定的成分。根据关系词在从句中成分的不同，关系词是有所不同的。
        　　例1：
        　　Great changes have taken place in the factory where we are working.
        　　先行词 关系词 由where引导的从句
        　　在这个例句中，factory是先行词，由where引导的定语从句来修饰；同时由where替代的这个先行词在从句中作状语。如果仍然不能分清结构，可以把句子拆分：
        　　主句： Great changes have taken place in the factory.
        　　从句： We are working in the factory.
        　　关系词如何选择？可以分三步走：
        　　第一步，首先确定先行词；
        　　第二步，然后确定它在定语从句中做什么成分；
        　　第三步，之后可以进行具体分类。
        　　1. 先行词是人：如果在从句中做主语，关系词用who；做宾语，用who 或whom；做定语,用whose
        　　例2：
        　　He is the person who/whom we are looking for.
        　　2. 先行词是物：在从句中做主语或宾语都用which；作定语用of which, 或whose；
        　　例3：
        　　This machine which I have looked after for years is still working perfectly.
        　　注意：
        　　1) 如果先行词在从句中做状语，表示时间、地点和原因，关系词就要使用when，where和why. 如例1的情况就是先行词在从句中充当地点状语，因此用where.
        　　2) 在限定性定语从句中，which, who, whom 都可以被that 取代。所以例2、例3中的关系词也可以省略。
        　　3) 非限制性定语从句通常标志，从句和主语之间用逗号隔开。
        　　例4：
        　　This is a critical problem in the company, which need to be solved immediately.
        　　这个句子就是非限定性定语从句，在这种情况下，关系词通常用which。
        　　真题示例：
        　　The prevention and treatment of AIDS is _______(我们可以合作的领域) .
        　　1. 已有谓语is,空白处一定是从句
        　　2. 汉语意思已经是完整的一句话，因此，一定是定语从句，并确定先行词：领域，the field 或a field,不用想，一般用which引导
        　　3. 先行词要提前，所以仅按顺序译“我们可以合作的”：we can cooperate
        　　确定介词，在……领域，用in,答案为：in the/a field which we can cooperate
            
            

enone

       
        　　实战演练：
        　　1. I'll buy the same coat ________ you wear.
        　　A. that B. which C. as D. like
        　　2. The pen ________ he is writing is mine.
        　　A. with which B. in which C. on which D. with that
        　　3. The engineer ________ my father works is about 50 years old.
        　　A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
        　　4. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside.
        　　A. as B. when C. until D. before
        　　5. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _________for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
        　　A. that B. while C. which D. when
        　　6. There is no such place ________ you dream of in all this world.
        　　A. that B. what C. which D. as
        　　7. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, ________he could see________was going on inside house.
        　　A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that
        　　8. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, ________ from east to west. Those ________ run from north to south are called avenues.
        　　A. running; that B. run; who 　　 C. running; who D. run; that
        　　9. I shall never forget those years ________ I lived in the country with the farmers, _________has a great effect on my life.
        　　A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who
        　　10. Can you lend me the dictionary ______ the other day?
        　　A. about that you talked B. what you talked
        　　C. which you talked D. that you talked about
        　　答案及解析：
        　　答案：1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. D. 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. D
        　　【解析】
        　　1. 当先行词被same修饰时，定语从句由that或as引导，但意思不同。用that引导定语从句指同一物，而用as引导定语从句指同类事物。
        　　2. A. with which是"介词+关系代词"结构, 常用来引导定语从句. with有"用"的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.
        　　3. with whom引导定语从句。with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.
        　　4. 因为先行词是the time，且在定语从句中作状语，所以用when引导。此题的先行词与定语从句被主句谓语分开了，要善于辨别。
        　　5. 非限定性定语从句。先行词为the exciting moment , 将先行词放入从句为For the first time in the years their team won the world cup at the moment, 先行词放入从句作时间状语。 句中for the first time in years为强词调结构。 答案为D。
        　　6. 当定语从句的先行词前有such, so, as等词语时，由as引导，并且as在定语从句中作主语或宾语，as在此题中作dream of的宾语。注意：在表示“如此…以致…”的such /so…that…结构中，that不作任何句子成份。
        　　7. through which引导定语从句，through which即through the hole,在定语从句中作状语。What引导的是see的宾语从句，并作从句的主语。
        　　8. 主语与run(延伸)是主动关系，所以用现在分词。Those指街道，先行词为物，所以不用who而用that来引导定语从句。
        　　9.前一空定语从句的完整句为I lived in the country with the farmers those years. 先行词在从句中作非主宾表成分，先行词与时间相关。后一定语从句的完整句子在理解基础上的意思转换为The experience has a great effect on my life. The experience= I lived in the country with the farmers those years。所以整句为先行词，在从句中做主语。因此，答案为B。
        　　10. 限定性定语从句。先行语the dictionary, 放入从句为you talked about the dictionary the other day. 先行词短语结构在从句中作宾语，从句可用about which you talked the other day 或 which/ that/ 省略引导词 you talked about the other day. 答案为D。
        (编辑：何莹莹）