英语学习论坛

 找回密码
 立即注册
查看: 146|回复: 1

名师详解语法易错题(06)

[复制链接]

36万

主题

36万

帖子

109万

积分

论坛元老

Rank: 8Rank: 8

积分
1094809
发表于 2016-7-9 17:38:00 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
错用语法规则类错误
          所谓“错套语法规则”,即指不从语言实际出发,不考虑特定的语言环境,而是机械地套用语法规则,生搬硬套语法的条条框框,同学们如果这样去学语言,那就难免出错了。下面请看几个实例:
          ◇“Is there _________ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked forleave.”
          A. anybody        B. everybody       C. somebody       D. nobody
          因为这是疑问句,所以你就按语法规则将此题答案确定为A,你认为你对了吗?不,错了。
          ◇“If you want a necklace, I’ll buy one for you at once.” “Oh, no. A necklace is not _________ thatI need most.
          A. anything        B. something       C. nothing         D. everything
          因为这是否定句,所以你就按语法规则将此题答案确定为A,你认为你对了吗?不,错了。
          ◇He was sentenced to death _________ what he had stolen from the bank.
          A. that           B. since          C. because        D. because of
          因为空格后是一个从句,所以你就按语法规则将此题答案确定为C,你认为你对了吗?不,错了。
          规则是死的,语言是活的。同学们学习语言时,应该具体问题具体分析,既要学习语言的规则,又要灵活运用规则。你想知道以上问题的解释吗?请往下读。
          1. “Have you seen _________ pen? I left it here this morning.” “Is it _________ black one? I thinkI saw it somewhere.”
          A. a, the         B. the, the        C. a, a           D. the, a
          【分析】此题容易误选A,生搬硬套冠词用法规则:第一次提到某人或某事物用不定冠词,第二次再提到该人或该事物时用定冠词。但事实上,此题的第二空 Is it _________ black one? 中的one 并非指前面提到的 pen,即这里的 one 与前面的 pen 并非同一事物。另外,从后面的 I think I sawit somewhere(我想我在哪个地方见过)可知前一句的 black one 不能是特指的,而应是泛指的,故应用不定冠词。此题正确答案为 C。现在我们来把此题变化一下:
          “Have you seen _________ pen? I left it here this morning.” “Is it _________ black one? I foundit in the corner.”
          A. a, the          B. the, the         C. a, a           D. the, a
          这样一改,此题的最佳答案就是 A,而不是C了。
          请再看一例:
          My friend Mary is _________ beautiful girl and _________ girl everyone likes to work with.
          A. a, a           B. a, the          C. the, a          D. the, the
          【分析】此题很容易误选B,认为第一次提到 girl 用不定冠词,第二次提到就应该用定冠词。但是,句中第二次提到 girl 时并不是特指的,此句实为一省略句,补充完整可视为是:My friendMary is a beautiful girl and she is a girl everyone likes to work with. 比较以下各例(第二个girl 前用了定冠词,因为那是特指):
          For this he asked a girl, but the girl refused to answered him. 为此他问了一个女孩,但这个女孩拒绝回答他。
          The other day he met a beautiful girl in the park and the girl smiled at him. 几天前他在公园遇到一个女孩,这个女孩冲他笑了笑。
          2. I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with _________.
          A. everything      B. anything       C. something      D. nothing
          【分析】此题容易误选 B,生搬硬套不定代词用法规则:something 用于肯定句,anything 用于否定句或疑问句。其实此题应选 A,注意前文的 I agree with most of what you said(我同意你说的大部分内容),其后的not 与 everything 构成部分否定,意为“不是所有的都同意”,前后两部分用转折连词 but 连接,语气通顺、连贯。请看一个类似的例子:
          _________ likes money, but money is not _________.
          A. Everyone, everything               B. Anyone, anything
          C. Someone, nothing D. Nobody, everything
          答案选A,句意为“人人都喜欢钱,但钱不是万能”。
          3. “Is there _________ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.”
          A. anybody        B. everybody      C. somebody      D. nobody
          【分析】此题容易误选 A,误认为这是一般疑问句,故用 anybody。其实此题应选B,主要与上下文的语境有关。全文语境为:“大家都到齐了吗?”“没有,Bob 和Tim 两人请假了。”假若我们将此题作如下变换,则情形就会有所不同:
          “Is there _________ here?” “Yes, I’m upstairs. Please come and help me.”
          A. anybody        B. everybody       C. somebody       D. nobody
          【分析】此题的最佳答案应是A,而不是B。
          请再看一例:
          “Do you have _________ at home now, Mary?” “No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.”
          A. something       B. anything        C. everything      D. nothing
          答案选C,句意为“玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?”“还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。”
          4. Charles Babbage was considered _________ the first telephone.
          A. inventing       B. having invented  C. to invent       D. to have invented
          【分析】此题容易误选A或B,因为许多学生只记住“consider 后接动词要用动名词”这一死规则。殊不知,consider可表示“考虑”和“认为”两个用法,且这两个用法的句型结构是不同的,即表示“考虑”时,其后不能接不定式,而接动名词作宾语;表示“认为”时,则其后不接动名词,但可接不定式的复合结构,即用于“consider+宾语+不定式”的结构,上面一题即为此结构的被动语态形式。所以答案应选C或D,但从时间上看,invent 应在 be considered 之前,故不定式 to invent 应用完成式,即用 to have invented,故选D。
            
            
回复

使用道具 举报

0

主题

6818

帖子

1万

积分

论坛元老

Rank: 8Rank: 8

积分
14150
发表于 2016-7-9 18:54:02 | 显示全部楼层

          5. The husband advised _________ to the south, but his wifeadvised him _________ up the idea.
          A. moving, giving B. to move, to give C. moving, to give D. tomove, giving
          【分析】此题容易误选A,因为许多学生都记住了“advise 后接动词要用动名词而不用不定式”这一搭配规则。但此“规则” 的表述是不准确的,准确的说法应该是:advise 后接动词作宾语时,要用动名词,不用不定式;但若其后接的动词前有宾语,此动词用作宾语补足语时,则此动词要用不定式。即说 advise doing sth (建议做某事)或 advise sb to do sth (建议某人做某事)。类似情况的还有 allow(允许),permit(允许),forbid(禁止)等动词,即:
          allow doing sth 允许做某事,allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事;
          permit doing sth 允许做某事,permit sb to do sth 允许某人做某事;
          forbid doing sth 禁止做某事,forbid sb to do sth 禁止某人做某事。
          顺便说一句,要特别注意以上各句型后一结构的被动语态形式,如:
          We don’t allow smoking in the lab. 我们不准在实验室吸烟。
          We don’t allow people to smoke in the lab. 我们不准人们在实验室吸烟。
          People are not allowed to smoke in the lab. 人们不准在实验室吸烟。
          综上所述,此题答案应选C。
          6. “If you want a necklace, I’ll buy one for you at once.” “Oh, no. A necklace is not _________ that I need most.
          A. anything       B. something      C. nothing        D. everything
          【分析】此题容易误选A,机械地套用以下规则:something 用于肯定句,anything 用于否定句或疑问句。当然此规则在通常情况下是有效的,但此句不属通常用法。此题的最佳答案应是B,something 在此的意思不是“某种东西”,而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于 the thing)。同样地,下面几题的最佳答案也是 something,而不是 anything:
          (1) It’s not _________ that we want to talk about; let’s change the subject.
          A. anything        B. something       C. nothing         D. everything
          (2) It’s not _________ I enjoy; I do it purely out of a sense of duty.
          A. anything        B. something       C. nothing         D. everything
          (3) Self-control is not _________ that comes with your birth.
          A. anything        B. something       C. nothing         D. everything
          (4) This is not _________ that would disturb me anyway.
          A. anything        B. something       C. nothing         D. everything
          7. Switzerland lies _________ France, Germany, Austria and Italy.
          A. among         B. between        C. in            D. around
          【分析】此题容易误选A,简单地认为:among 用于三者或三者以上,between 用于两者。其实此题应选B,因为当几个单数名词用连词 and 连接时,要用 between 而不用 among。又如:
          _________ cooking, writing and running the farm, she was very busy.
          A. Among         B. Between        C. Over          D. As
          答案选B,虽然涉及多个对象,但由于它们用 and 连接,故用介词 between。
          8. He was sentenced to death _________ what he had stolen from the bank.
          A. that           B. since          C. because        D. because of
          许多同学们认为此题应选C,因为关于 because 和 because of 的用法有如下区别规则:because是连词,其后接句子;而because of是介词,其后接名词、代词或动名词。此规则并没错,只是表述不很准确。一般说来,because 作为从属连词,用以引导原因状语从句时,其后应是一个不含有引导词的句子,而不能是 what 引导的从句。另一方面,本题中的 what he had stolen=the thing(s) that he had stolen,也就是说,这个what-从句从本质上说,它相当于个一名词(或者更准确地说是一个受定语从句修饰的名词),所以此题应选 because of。请看以下类似的例子:
          She cried because of what you said. 她哭是因为你说的话。
          He left angrily because of what you said at the meeting. 他生气地离去,是因为你在会上说的话。
          The man was punished because of what he had done. 他因为自己所做的事而受到了惩罚。
          9. She is quite a different girl _________she was five years ago.
          A. from          B. to            C. than          D. with
          按照英语的表达习惯,要表示甲与乙不同,通常用 be different from,如:Mary is different fromJane. 玛丽与简不同。其中的介词 from 在英国英语中也可换成 to,在美国英语中也可换成 than,但两者均不如用 from 普通。许多同学据此将上题的最佳答案确定为A,但错了,最佳的应是C。一般说来,若两个比较的对象是名词、代词或状语短语等,则用different from [to, than] 均可(尽管有普通与不普通之分,有英国英语与美国英语之别)。 但是若提出来供比较的对象是一个没有引导词的句子,则通常只用 different than。又如:Schools are different than they used to be. 学校与原来不一样了。顺便说一句,若是一个以 what 引导的从句,则可以用 from或 to。比较:She is quitedifferent from [to] what we thought.=She is quite different than we thought. 她跟我们原来想象的大不一样。
          10. “I think the teacher is wrong, _________?” “No, I don’t think so.”
          A. don’t you       B. don’t I         C. doesn’t he      D. doesn’t she
          容易误选C或D,因为按照语法规则,I think 后接宾语从句时,其反意疑问句与从句保持一致,但是退一步,即使按此规则,其反意疑问句也应是 isn’t he 或 isn’t she 之类的,而不是像C或D那样用 doesn’t he 和 doesn’t she。综合四个选项,最佳答案为A,don’t you 为 don’t you think so之省略。又如:
          I think he will win, don’t you? 我认为他会赢,你说呢?
          I think its price will go up, don’t you? 我认为它的价格会上升,你认为呢?
          11. I found I could easily make myself _________ by using sign language.
          A. understood     B. understand     C. to understand   D. being understood
          答案选A,但容易误选B,即硬套“make + 名词或代词 + 动词原形”这一结构。但是对于该结构同学们忽略了一点,就是该结构中的名词或代词应与其后动词有逻辑上的主谓关系,而对于上面一题,myself 与其后的动词 understand 显然不是主谓关系,而是动宾关系,或者说是被动关系,故此时的动词应用过去分词表被动。又如:
          (1) As a teacher, you should make yourself _________.
          A. respect         B. respecting       C. respected       D. to respect
          (2) He spoke loudly so as to make his voice _________.
          A. hear           B. hearing         C. heard          D. to hear
          (3) Do you know what made her so _________?
          A. frighten        B. frightening      C. frightened       D. to frighten
          (4) When you speak English, be sure to make yourself _________.
          A. understand      B. understanding    C. understood      D. to understand
          答案均选C,即用过去分词表示被动意义(其中 frightened 可视为形容词)。
        (编辑:何莹莹)
回复 支持 反对

使用道具 举报

您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 立即注册

本版积分规则

小黑屋|手机版|Archiver|新都网 ( 京ICP备09058993号 )

GMT+8, 2024-3-28 18:20 , Processed in 0.080184 second(s), 7 queries , WinCache On.

Powered by Discuz! X3.4

© 2001-2017 Comsenz Inc.

快速回复 返回顶部 返回列表