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The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of our Christmas
traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born. The 12
days of Christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts,
carnivals(parades) with floats, carolers who sing while going from house to
house, the holiday feasts, and the church processions can all be traced back to
the early Mesopotamians.
Many of these traditions began with the Mesopotamian (美索不达米亚) celebration
of New Years. The Mesopotamians believed in many gods, and as their chief god -
Marduk (马杜克,古代巴比伦人的主神,原为巴比伦的太阳神). Each year as winter arrived it was believed
that Marduk would do battle with the monsters of chaos. To assist Marduk in his
struggle the Mesopotamians held a festival for the New Year. This was Zagmuk,
the New Year's festival that lasted for 12 days.
The Mesopotamian king would return to the temple of Marduk and swear his
faithfulness to the god. The traditions called for the king to die at the end of
the year and to return with Marduk to battle at his side.
To spare their king, the Mesopotamians used the idea of a "mock" king. A
criminal was chosen and dressed in royal clothes. He was given all the respect
and privileges of a real king. At the end of the celebration the "mock" king was
stripped of the royal clothes and slain, sparing the life of the real king.
The Roman's celebrated their god Saturn. Their festival was called
Saturnalia which began the middle of December and ended January 1st. With cries
of "Jo Saturnalia!" the celebration would include masquerades (化妆舞会) in the
streets, big festive meals, visiting friends and the exchange of good-luck gifts
called Strenae (lucky fruits).
"Jo Saturnalia!" was a fun and festive time for the Romans, but the
Christians though it an abomination (深恶痛绝) to honor the pagan (异教) god. The
early Christians wanted to keep the birthday of their Christ child a solemn and
religious holiday, not one of cheer and merriment as was the pagan
Saturnalia.
But as Christianity spread they were alarmed by the continuing celebration
of pagan customs and Saturnalia among their converts. At first the Church forbid
this kind of celebration. But it was to no avail (徒劳). Eventually it was decided
that the celebration would be tamed and made into a celebration fit for the
Christian Son of God.
Some legends claim that the Christian "Christmas" celebration was invented
to compete against the pagan celebrations of December. The 25th was not only
sacred to the Romans but also the Persians whose religion Mithraism
(密特拉教，奉祀密特拉神的宗教，纪元后最初3世纪内传至罗马帝国) was one of Christianity's main rivals at that
time. The Church eventually was successful in taking the merriment, lights, and
gifts from the Saturanilia festival and bringing them to the celebration of
Christmas. |
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发表于 2016-7-9 23:44:06