港媒:中国大学毕业生就业情况惨淡
HONG KONG — A record seven million students will graduate from universities and colleges across China in the coming weeks, but their job prospects appear bleak — the latest sign of a troubled Chinese economy.香港——在未来几周，创纪录的700万学生将从中国各地的高等院校毕业，但他们的就业前景却一片黯淡——这是中国经济陷入困境的最新迹象。
Businesses say they are swamped with job applications but have few positions to offer as economic growth has begun to falter. Twitter-like microblogging sites in China are full of laments from graduates with dim prospects.
企业表示，由于经济增长开始放缓，虽然简历铺天盖地而来，它们却无法提供多少岗位。国内与Twitter类似的微博站点上满是就业前景黯淡的毕业生的抱怨。
The Chinese government is worried, saying that the problem could affect social stability, and it has ordered schools, government agencies and state-owned enterprises to hire more graduates at least temporarily to help relieve joblessness. “The only thing that worries them more than an unemployed low-skilled person is an unemployed educated person,” said Shang-Jin Wei, a Columbia Business School economist
中国政府十分担心，认为这一问题可能会影响社会稳定，已要求学校、政府部门和国有企业至少在短期内多雇佣毕业生，以帮助减轻失业压力。“他们担心低技能劳动者的失业，唯一比这更让他们担心的是受过教育的人失业，”哥伦比亚商学院(Columbia Business School)经济学家魏尚进说。
Lu Mai, the secretary general of the elite, government-backed China Development Research Foundation, acknowledged in a speech this month that less than half of this year’s graduates had found jobs so far.
由政府支持的精英机构中国发展研究基金会秘书长卢迈在本月的一次讲话中承认，迄今为止今年毕业生中找到工作的还不到一半。
Graduating seniors at all but a few of China’s top universities say that very few people they know are finding jobs — and that those who did receive offers over the winter were seeing them rescinded as the economy has weakened in recent weeks.
除了几所顶尖高校，中国所有大学的毕业生都表示，在他们认识的人里，没有几个人找到了工作，那些的确在冬天收到了录用通知的人，由于近几周经济形势的低迷，他们又眼看着机会失去。
“Many companies are not expanding at all, while some of my classmates have been hired and fired in the same month when the companies realized that they could not afford the salaries after all,” said Yan Shuang, a graduating senior in labor and human resources at the Beijing Institute of Technology.
“许多公司根本不招人，当公司意识到，它们根本支付不起这些工资的时候，我有一些同学在一个月里找到工作，又失去工作，”北京理工大学劳动与人力资源专业的毕业生闫爽说。
Ms. Yan said she had been promised a job at a sports clothing company over the winter. But the company canceled all hiring plans in March as the economy weakened.
闫爽表示，冬天的时候，一家体育服装公司答应给她一份工作。但随着经济下滑，这家公司在三月份取消了所有的雇用计划。
China quadrupled the number of students enrolled in universities and colleges over the last decade. But its economy is still driven by manufacturing, with a preponderance of blue-collar jobs. Prime Minister Li Keqiang personally led the cabinet meeting, on May 16, that produced the directive for schools, government agencies and state-owned enterprises to hire more graduates, a strategy that has been used with increasing frequency in recent years to absorb jobless but educated youths.
在过去10年，中国各级高等院校的招生人数翻了四倍。但是中国经济仍以制造业为驱动，多数工作为蓝领岗位。5月15日，总理李克强主持国务院常务会议，并产生了针对学校、政府部门和国有企业的通知，要求它们雇佣更多毕业生，这一策略的使用频率近年来持续增加，用来吸收没有工作但受过教育的年轻人。
“Any country with an expanding middle class and a rising number of unemployed graduates is in for trouble,” said Gerard A. Postiglione, the director of the Wah Ching Center of Research on Education in China at Hong Kong University.
香港大学华正中国教育研究中心(Wah Ching Center of Research on Education in China)主任白杰瑞(Gerard A. Postiglione)称，“任何一个国家，中产阶级不断扩张，失业毕业生数量不断增加，都会遇到麻烦。”
A national survey released last winter found that in the age bracket of 21- to 25-year-olds, 16 percent of the men and women with college degrees were unemployed.
去年冬天发布的一项全国调查发现，在21-25岁年龄段的人群中，失业的大学毕业生占16%。
But only 4 percent of those with an elementary school education were unemployed, a sign of voracious corporate demand persisting for blue-collar workers. Wages for workers who have come in from rural areas to urban factories have surged 70 percent in the last four years; wages for young people in white-collar sectors have barely stayed steady or have even declined.
但其中只有4%的失业者是小学毕业，这也表明企业最迫切需要的始终是蓝领工人。过去四年中从农村到城市工厂工作的工人工资激增了70%;而白领阶层年轻人的工资勉强维持不变，甚至还有所减少。
Economists have long estimated that the Chinese economy needs to grow 7 or 8 percent annually to avoid large-scale unemployment. But that rule of thumb has become less reliable in recent years as the labor market has split.
经济学家很久前就预测到，中国经济需要每年以7%或8%的增速增长才能规避大规模失业。但这一经验法则在最近几年随着劳动力市场分裂而变得不那么可靠。
Relatively slow growth is still creating enough jobs to provide full employment for the country’s blue-collar workers. But much faster growth may be needed to create white-collar jobs for the graduates pouring out of universities.
相对较慢的增长依然在为中国的蓝领工人制造足够的全职工作机会。但是要为大量大学毕业生创造白领工作或许还需要更快的增长速度。
The International Monetary Fund predicts the Chinese economy will grow 7.75 percent this year — slower than the growth of 10 to 14 percent before 2008, but still a much faster pace than in the West. The main problem for China lies in the sheer growth in graduates; the United States produces three million graduates a year, while China has increased its annual number of graduates by more than five million in a single decade.
国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)预测今年中国经济的增长速度将为7.75%，虽低于2008年以前10%到14%的增速，但却依然比西方快。中国的主要问题在于大学毕业生的增长;美国每年有300万毕业生，而中国每年的大学毕业生人数在短短10年间就增加了500多万。
One response, endorsed by the State Council, is to urge more graduates to take jobs at small, private companies. But a generation of people who grew up under the government’s “one child” policy has proved risk-averse and slow to join or set up new companies.
一项得到国务院支持的应对措施是，呼吁更多毕业生到小型私人公司就业。然而事实已经证明，这一代在政府“只生一个”的计划生育政策下成长起来的人是不喜欢冒险的，不情愿加入或者创立新公司。
“I would not work for private companies, that is not secure — only state-owned ones,” Ms. Yan said.
闫爽说，“我不会去私企工作，没有安全感，只想去国有企业。”
Many graduating seniors, seeing limited job opportunities, are applying to the country’s fast-expanding graduate schools. Yang Yi, a senior majoring in applied economics at the Beijing Institute of Technology, said that after applying unsuccessfully for jobs through the winter, he was prepared to seek a master’s degree.
看到就业机会有限，许多大四生选择了考研。而中国的研究生教育正在迅速扩大。北京理工大学应用经济学专业的大四学生杨怡说，一冬天找工作未果之后，他准备考研。
“Hopefully the economy will have recovered when I graduate in two years,” he said. “Getting a master’s degree is always better than working in small companies that might not even last long.”
他说，“希望两年后我研究生毕业时经济能恢复过来。读个硕士怎么说都比在小公司工作强。小公司可能朝不保夕。”
Chinese students have been gravitating toward majors that are perceived as academically less demanding but likely to lead to careers in banking. Business administration and economics majors have proliferated, partly because the country’s many new private universities find them inexpensive subjects to teach. Programs in engineering and other sciences, with their requirements for costly labs, have grown more slowly.
有些专业学术要求不高，但是可能能让学生进银行工作。中国学生对这种专业趋之若鹜。经管及经济学专业的激增，跟中国众多的新私立学校认为这些专业的教学成本低有关。而工程及其他科学学科，由于需要昂贵的实验室，增长较缓慢。
As in the West in recent years, financial services is an extremely popular field among college graduates, who besiege banks, brokerage firms and other businesses in the sector with job applications. Ministry of Human Resources statistics show that average pay for banking sector employees, at $14,500 a year, is twice the level of pay in sectors like health care and education.
和近年来西方世界的情况一样，金融服务业极受大学毕业生的欢迎，他们纷纷求职于银行、经纪公司及该领域的其他公司。人力资源和社会保障部的数据显示，银行职员的平均年薪为1.45万美元(约合8.7万元人民币)，两倍于卫生及教育等领域的薪资水平。
Graduates from the best universities still have a strong chance of finding a job, particularly if they do not set their sights too high. Lin Yinbi, a senior graduating in trade and economics from the prestigious Renmin University in Beijing, said that he had job offers from a heating company and a supermarket chain, but was still applying for a well-paid bank job.
名校毕业生仍然很好找工作，尤其是当他们为自己设定的目标不高时。在北京的名校中国人民大学的经济贸易专业就读的毕业年级学生林印毕(音译)说，他获得了一家供暖公司及一家超市连锁公司的工作机会，但是仍然在申请报酬丰厚的银行工作。
“The question is, What kind of job is it?” he said. “Does it align with our major? Does it pay enough? Do we have room to grow?”
他说，“问题在于，是什么样的工作?专业对口吗?薪水高不高?员工有发展前景吗?”
Wang Zhian, a prominent Chinese broadcaster whose microblog has more than 200,000 followers, created a stir this spring by recommending that college graduates take jobs packing and unpacking homes for moving companies.
中国知名主持人王志安在微博上有逾20万粉丝。今年春天，王志安建议大学毕业生去作搬运工，此言论引起震动。
“The most important thing for graduating seniors is to figure out a way to survive, and if that means you have to become a moving company worker, then so be it,” he said. “You can’t live off your parents forever.”
他说，“如果毕业暂时找不到称心的工作，先干两年搬运工。对于一个成年人来讲，先生存、再谋发展、不靠父母，这应该是非常基本的价值观。”
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