双语：The Art of War By Sun Tzu 《孙子兵法》
The Art of WarBy Sun Tzu
Translated by Lionel Giles
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I. Laying Plans
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin.
Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.
3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken
into account in one"s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions
obtaining in the field.
4. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander;
(5) Method and discipline.
5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their
ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any
danger.
7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.
8. Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open
ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.
9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence,
courage and strictness.
10. By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the
army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the
maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of
military expenditure.
11. These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them
will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.
12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the
military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this
wise:--
13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law? (2) Which
of the two generals has most ability? (3) With whom lie the advantages derived
from Heaven and Earth? (4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
(5) Which army is stronger? (6) On which side are officers and men more highly
trained? (7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and
punishment?
14. By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or
defeat.
15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer:
let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my
counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!
16. While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any
helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
17. According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one"s
plans.
18. All warfare is based on deception.
19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces,
we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are
far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.
21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in
superior strength, evade him.
22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend
to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united,
separate them.
24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not
expected.
25. These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged
beforehand.
26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple
ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few
calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few
calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention
to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
II. Waging War
1. Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a
thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand
mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li, the
expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small
items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor, will reach
the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost of raising an
army of 100,000 men.
2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, then
men"s weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to
a town, you will exhaust your strength.
3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will
not be equal to the strain.
4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength
exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take
advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert
the consequences that must ensue.
5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never
been seen associated with long delays.
6. There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged
warfare.
7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that
can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.
8. The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his
supply-wagons loaded more than twice.
9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the
army will have food enough for its needs.
10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by
contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance
causes the people to be impoverished.
11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and
high prices cause the people"s substance to be drained away.
12. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted
by heavy exactions.
13,14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of
the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be
dissipated; while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses,
breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective
mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its total
revenue.
15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One
cartload of the enemy"s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one"s own, and
likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one"s own
store.
16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that
there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their
rewards.
17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been
taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be
substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in
conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and
kept.
18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one"s own
strength.
19. In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy
campaigns.
20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the
people"s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace
or in peril.
III. Attack by Stratagem
1. Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to
take the enemy"s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so
good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to
capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.
2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme
excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy"s resistance
without fighting.
3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy"s plans; the
next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy"s forces; the next in order is
to attack the enemy"s army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to
besiege walled cities.
4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided.
The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war,
will take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over against the
walls will take three months more.
5. The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to
the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are
slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of
a siege.
6. Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy"s troops without any
fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows
their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and
thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of
attacking by stratagem.
8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy"s one, to
surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our
army into two.
9. If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in
numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from
him.
10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the
end it must be captured by the larger force.
11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is complete
at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State
will be weak.
12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his
army:--
13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of
the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.
14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a
kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes
restlessness in the soldier"s minds.
15. (3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination,
through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This
shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
16. But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come
from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army,
and flinging victory away.
17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory: (1) He
will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight. (2) He will win who
knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces. (3) He will win whose
army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks. (4) He will win
who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared. (5) He will win who
has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.
18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not
fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy,
for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the
enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.
IV. Tactical Dispositions
1. Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the
possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the
enemy.
2. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the
opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.
3. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but
cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.
4. Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer without being able to do
it.
5. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the
enemy means taking the offensive.
6. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a
superabundance of strength.
7. The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses
of the earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights
of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the
other, a victory that is complete.
8. To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not
the acme of excellence.
9. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the
whole Empire says, "Well done!"
10. To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see the sun and
moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a
quick ear.
11. What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but
excels in winning with ease.
12. Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit
for courage.
13. He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what
establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is
already defeated.
14. Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes
defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.
15. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle
after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first
fights and afterwards looks for victory.
16. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to
method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control success.
17. In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly,
Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances;
fifthly, Victory.
18. Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to
Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to
Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.
19. A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound"s weight
placed in the scale against a single grain.
20. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters
into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
V. Energy
1. Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the
control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.
2. Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from
fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and
signals.
3. To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy"s
attack and remain unshaken-- this is effected by maneuvers direct and
indirect.
4. That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an
egg--this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.
5. In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but
indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
6. Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and
Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and moon, they
end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away to return once
more.
7. There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of
these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.
8. There are not more than five primary colors (blue, yellow, red, white,
and black), yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever been
seen.
9. There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt, sweet,
bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavors than can ever be
tasted.
10. In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack--the direct
and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of
maneuvers.
11. The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like
moving in a circle--you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities
of their combination?
12. The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll
stones along in its course.
13. The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which
enables it to strike and destroy its victim.
14. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in
his decision.
15. Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the
releasing of a trigger.
16. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder
and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be
without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
17. Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline, simulated fear
postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength.
18. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of
subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of
latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical
dispositions.
19. Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains
deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices
something, that the enemy may snatch at it.
20. By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of
picked men he lies in wait for him.
21. The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does
not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right
men and utilize combined energy.
22. When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting men become as it were
like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to
remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if
four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-shaped, to go rolling
down.
23. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a
round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the
subject of energy.
VI. Weak Points and Strong
1. Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the
enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to
hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.
2. Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does
not allow the enemy"s will to be imposed on him.
3. By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of
his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the
enemy to draw near.
4. If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied
with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to
move.
5. Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to
places where you are not expected.
6. An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches
through country where the enemy is not.
7. You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places
which are undefended.You can ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold
positions that cannot be attacked.
8. Hence that general is skillful in attack whose opponent does not know
what to defend; and he is skillful in defense whose opponent does not know what
to attack.
9. O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be
invisible, through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy"s fate in our
hands.
10. You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the
enemy"s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements
are more rapid than those of the enemy.
11. If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even
though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is
attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
12. If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us
even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All
we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way.
13. By discovering the enemy"s dispositions and remaining invisible
ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy"s must be
divided.
14. We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into
fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole,
which means that we shall be many to the enemy"s few.
15. And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior
one, our opponents will be in dire straits.
16. The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the
enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different
points; and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the numbers we
shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few.
17. For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear;
should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his
left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken
his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak.
18. Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible
attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these
preparations against us.
19. Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate
from the greatest distances in order to fight.
20. But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be
impotent to succor the right, the right equally impotent to succor the left, the
van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so
if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred LI apart, and
even the nearest are separated by several LI!
21. Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yueh exceed our own in
number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then
that victory can be achieved.
22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from
fighting. Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their
success.
23. Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity. Force
him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
24. Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may know
where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.
25. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to
conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying of
the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.
26. How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy"s own
tactics--that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
27. All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is
the strategy out of which victory is evolved.
28. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let
your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.
29. Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course
runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is
weak.
31. Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over
which it flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he
is facing.
32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there
are no constant conditions.
33. He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby
succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.
34. The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always
equally predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn. There are
short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
VII. Maneuvering
1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the
sovereign.
2. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and
harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.
3. After that, comes tactical maneuvering, than which there is nothing more
difficult. The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists in turning the
devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out
of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal before
him, shows knowledge of the artifice of deviation.
5. Maneuvering with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined
multitude, most dangerous.
6. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an
advantage, the chances are that you will be too late. On the other hand, to
detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and
stores.
7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced
marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a
stretch, doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders of all
your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.
8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and
on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.
9. If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the enemy, you will lose
the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the
goal.
10. If you march thirty LI with the same object, two-thirds of your army
will arrive.
11. We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost;
without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.
12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs
of our neighbors.
13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with
the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices,
its marshes and swamps.
14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make
use of local guides.
15. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.
16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by
circumstances.
17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the
forest.
18. In raiding and plundering be like fire, is immovability like a
mountain.
19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move,
fall like a thunderbolt.
20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your
men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit
of the soldiery.
21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is the
art of maneuvering.
23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the spoken
word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor
can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners
and flags.
24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes
of the host may be focused on one particular point.
25. The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for
the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the
art of handling large masses of men.
26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and
in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and
eyes of your army.
27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be
robbed of his presence of mind.
28. Now a soldier"s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has
begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to
camp.
29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen,
but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of
studying moods.
30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub
amongst the enemy:--this is the art of retaining self-possession.
31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at
ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy
is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one"s strength.
32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect
order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident
array:--this is the art of studying circumstances.
33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to
oppose him when he comes downhill.
34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers
whose temper is keen.
35. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army
that is returning home.
36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a
desperate foe too hard.
37. Such is the art of warfare.
VIII. Variation in Tactics
1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the
sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces
2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads
intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously isolated
positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. In desperate
position, you must fight.
3. There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not
attacked, towns which must be besieged, positions which must not be contested,
commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
4. The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany
variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.
5. The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with
the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge
to practical account.
6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his
plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make
the best use of his men.
7. Hence in the wise leader"s plans, considerations of advantage and of
disadvantage will be blended together.
8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed
in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.
9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready
to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune.
10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make
trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious
allurements, and make them rush to any given point.
11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy"s
not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his
not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position
unassailable.
12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general: (1)
Recklessness, which leads to destruction; (2) cowardice, which leads to capture;
(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults; (4) a delicacy of honor
which is sensitive to shame; (5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him
to worry and trouble.
13. These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct
of war.
14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely
be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of
meditation.
IX. The Army on the March
1. Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and
observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the
neighborhood of valleys.
2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to
fight. So much for mountain warfare.
3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not
advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get
across, and then deliver your attack.
5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near
a river which he has to cross.
6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not
move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them
quickly, without any delay.
8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near
you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in
salt-marches.
9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising
ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and
safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled
the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
11. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.
12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will
be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.
13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the
slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your
soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish
to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running
between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and
crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to
approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his
rear.
17. If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country,
ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods
with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for
these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be
lurking.
18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the
natural strength of his position.
19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for
the other side to advance.
20. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a
bait.
21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is
advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass
means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.
22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade.
Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.
23. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots
advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the
approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows
that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to
and fro signify that the army is encamping.
24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is
about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are
signs that he will retreat.
25. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the
wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.
27. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it
means that the critical moment has come.
28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from
want of food.
30. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the
army is suffering from thirst.
31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to
secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.
32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens
nervousness.
33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general"s authority is weak.
If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers
are angry, it means that the men are weary.
34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food,
and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing
that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined
to fight to the death.
35. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in
subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his
resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.
37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy"s
numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign
that the enemy wishes for a truce.
39. If the enemy"s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a
long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the
situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply
sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is
simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the
enemy, and obtain reinforcements.
41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is
sure to be captured by them.
42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they
will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically
useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not
enforced, they will still be unless.
43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity,
but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to
victory.
44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will
be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.
45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his
orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
X. Terrain
1. Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1)
Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow
passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the
enemy.
2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called
accessible.
3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying
the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you
will be able to fight with advantage.
4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called
entangling.
5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally
forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail
to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.
6. When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the
first move, it is called temporizing ground.
7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an
attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat,
thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out,
we may deliver our attack with advantage.
8. With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be
strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
9. Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him
if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
10. With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your
adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him
to come up.
11. If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but
retreat and try to entice him away.
12. If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the
strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and
fighting will be to your disadvantage.
13. These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has
attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from
natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are:
(1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization;
(6) rout.
15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another
ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former.
16. When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak,
the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common
soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.
17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting
the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before
the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the
result is ruin.
18. When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not
clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men,
and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter
disorganization.
19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy"s strength, allows an
inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a
powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the
result must be rout.
20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by
the general who has attained a responsible post.
21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier"s best ally; but a
power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of
shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test
of a great general.
22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into
practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will
surely be defeated.
23. If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even
though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you
must not fight even at the ruler"s bidding.
24. The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without
fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good
service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into
the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will
stand by you even unto death.
26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt;
kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of
quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they
are useless for any practical purpose.
27. If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are
unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards
victory.
28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our
own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards
victory.
29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men
are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground
makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards
victory.
30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered;
once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.
31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory
will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your
victory complete.
XI. The Nine Situations
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1)
Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground;
(5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground;
(8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.
2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive
ground.
3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance,
it is facile ground.
4. Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side,
is contentious ground.
5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.
6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who
occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of
intersecting highways.
7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving
a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.
8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all country that is
hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.
9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can
only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice
to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.
10. Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting
without delay, is desperate ground.
11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not.
On contentious ground, attack not.
12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy"s way. On the ground of
intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.
13. On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep
steadily on the march.
14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground,
fight.
15. Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge
between the enemy"s front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large
and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the
officers from rallying their men.
16. When the enemy"s men were united, they managed to keep them in
disorder.
17. When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when
otherwise, they stopped still.
18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array
and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: "Begin by seizing
something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your
will."
19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy"s
unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.
20. The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force:
The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of
your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with
food.
22. Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them.
Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on
the move, and devise unfathomable plans.
23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they
will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may
not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.
24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is
no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they
will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight
hard.
25. Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly
on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without
restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be
trusted.
26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts.
Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.
27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they
have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not
because they are disinclined to longevity.
28. On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep,
those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears
run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will
display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
29. The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-jan. Now the
shuai-jan is a snake that is found in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head,
and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be
attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head and
tail both.
30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan, I should answer,
Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing
a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each
other"s assistance just as the left hand helps the right.
31. Hence it is not enough to put one"s trust in the tethering of horses,
and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground
32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of
courage which all must reach.
33. How to make the best of both strong and weak--that is a question
involving the proper use of ground.
34. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he were
leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.
35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy;
upright and just, and thus maintain order.
36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and
appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.
37. By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy
without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes,
he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has
climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his
men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.
39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving
a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither
he is going.
40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this may be termed the
business of the general.
41. The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the
expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human
nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied.
42. When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that
penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means
dispersion.
43. When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across
neighborhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are
means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting
highways.
44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When
you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.
45. When you have the enemy"s strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes
in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is
desperate ground.
46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of
purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between
all parts of my army.
47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defenses. On ground
of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.
49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of
supplies. On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.
50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate
ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their
lives.
51. For it is the soldier"s disposition to offer an obstinate resistance
when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly
when he has fallen into danger.
52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are
acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march
unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its mountains and forests,
its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn
natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.
53. To be ignored of any one of the following four or five principles does
not befit a warlike prince.
54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows
itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy"s forces. He overawes his
opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does
he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs,
keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and
overthrow their kingdoms.
56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to
previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you
had to do with but a single man.
57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your
design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them
nothing when the situation is gloomy.
58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into
desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.
59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm"s way that is
capable of striking a blow for victory.
60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to
the enemy"s purpose.
61. By persistently hanging on the enemy"s flank, we shall succeed in the
long run in killing the commander-in-chief.
62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.
63. On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes,
destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries.
64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the
situation.
65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.
66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly
contrive to time his arrival on the ground.
67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy
until you can fight a decisive battle.
68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives
you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will
be too late for the enemy to oppose you.
XII. The Attack by Fire
1. Sun Tzu said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is
to burn soldiers in their camp; the second is to burn stores; the third is to
burn baggage trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines; the fifth is
to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.
2. In order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. The
material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness.
3. There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days
for starting a conflagration.
4. The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days are
those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing or
the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.
5. In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible
developments:
6. (1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy"s camp, respond at once with an
attack from without.
7. (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy"s soldiers remain
quiet, bide your time and do not attack.
8. (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up
with an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are.
9. (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not
wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favorable
moment.
10. (5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from the
leeward.
11. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon
falls.
12. In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known,
the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days.
13. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence;
those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.
14. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all
his belongings.
15. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in
his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the result is
waste of time and general stagnation.
16. Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the
good general cultivates his resources.
17. Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless there
is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical.
18. No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own
spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique.
19. If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you
are.
20. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by
content.
21. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into
being; nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.
22. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of
caution. This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact.
XIII. The Use of Spies
1. Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them
great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources of
the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver.
There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on
the highways. As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in
their labor.
2. Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory
which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the
enemy"s condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred ounces of
silver in honors and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity.
3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign,
no master of victory.
4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and
conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is
foreknowledge.
5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits; it cannot be
obtained inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation.
6. Knowledge of the enemy"s dispositions can only be obtained from other
men.
7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local spies;
(2) inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving
spies.
8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the
secret system. This is called "divine manipulation of the threads." It is the
sovereign"s most precious faculty.
9. Having local spies means employing the services of the inhabitants of a
district.
10. Having inward spies, making use of officials of the enemy.
11. Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy"s spies and using
them for our own purposes.
12. Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly for purposes of
deception, and allowing our spies to know of them and report them to the
enemy.
13. Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring back news from the
enemy"s camp.
14. Hence it is that which none in the whole army are more intimate
relations to be maintained than with spies. None should be more liberally
rewarded. In no other business should greater secrecy be preserved.
15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive
sagacity.
16. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and
straightforwardness.
17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth
of their reports.
18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of
business.
19. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe,
he must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told.
20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to
assassinate an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the
names of the attendants, the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries of the
general in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.
21. The enemy"s spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out,
tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed. Thus they will become
converted spies and available for our service.
22. It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are
able to acquire and employ local and inward spies.
23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy
to carry false tidings to the enemy.
24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on
appointed occasions.
25. The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the
enemy; and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance, from the
converted spy. Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the
utmost liberality.
26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had served
under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had
served under the Yin.
27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will
use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying and thereby they
achieve great results. Spies are a most important element in water, because on
them depends an army"s ability to move.
THE END
孙子兵法 孙武
始计第一
孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民于上同意，可与之死，可与之生，而不危也;天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也;地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也;将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也;法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。故校之以计，而索其情，曰：主孰有道?将孰有能?天地孰得?法令孰行?兵众孰强?士卒孰练?赏罚孰明?吾以此知胜负矣。将听吾计，用之必胜，留之;将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之，攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也;未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜少算，而况于无算乎!吾以此观之，胜负见矣。
作战第二
孙子曰：凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮。则内外之费，宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。其用战也，胜久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，久暴师则国用不足。夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者不能善其后矣。故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。
善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫;近师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，财竭则急于丘役。力屈中原、内虚于家，百姓之费，十去其七;公家之费，破军罢马，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟;□①杆一石，当吾二十石。故杀敌者，怒也;取敌之利者，货也。车战得车十乘以上，赏其先得者而更其旌旗。车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。故兵贵胜，不贵久。故知兵之将，民之司命。国家安危之主也。
【注：】
①：“忌”加“艹”头。
谋攻第三
孙子曰：夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之;全军为上，破军次之;全旅为上，破旅次之;全卒为上，破卒次之;全伍为上，破伍次之。是故百战百胜，非善之善也;不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法，为不得已。修橹□①□②，具器械，三月而后成;距堙，又三月而后已。将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，必以全争于天下，故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。故君之所以患于军者三：不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓縻军;不知三军之事而同三军之政，则军士惑矣;不知三军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱军引胜。故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。故曰：知己知彼，百战
不贻;不知彼而知己，一胜一负;不知彼不知己，每战必败。
【注：】
①：[车贲]。
②：“温”字“氵”旁换“车”旁。
军形第四
孙子曰：昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。不可胜在己，可胜在敌。故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌之必可胜。故曰：胜可知，而不可为。不可胜者，守也;可胜者，攻也。守则不足，攻则有余。善守者藏于九地之下，善攻者动于九天之上，故能自保而全胜也。见胜不过众人之所知，非善之善者也;战胜而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故举秋毫不为多力，见日月不为明目，闻雷霆不为聪耳。古之所谓善战者，胜于易胜者也。故善战者之胜也，无智名，无勇功，故其战胜不忒。不忒者，其所措胜，胜已败者也。故善战者，立于不败之地，而不失敌之败也。是故胜兵先胜而后求战，败兵先战而后求胜。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能为胜败之政。兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰数，四曰称，五曰胜。地生度，度生量，量生数，数生称，称生胜。故胜兵若以镒称铢，败兵若以铢称镒。称胜者之战民也，若决积水于千仞之溪者，形也。
兵势第五
孙子曰：凡治众如治寡，分数是也;斗众如斗寡，形名是也;三军之众，可使必受敌而无败者，奇正是也;兵之所加，如以□①投卵者，虚实是也。凡战者，以正合，以奇胜。故善出奇者，无穷如天地，不竭如江海。终而复始，日月是也。死而更生，四时是也。声不过五，五声之变，不可胜听也;色不过五，五色之变，不可胜观也;味不过五，五味之变，不可胜尝也;战势不过奇正，奇正之变，不可胜穷也。奇正相生，如循环之无端，孰能穷之哉!激水之疾，至于漂石者，势也;鸷鸟之疾，至于毁折者，节也。故善战者，其势险，其节短。势如扩弩，节如发机。纷纷纭纭，斗乱而不可乱;浑浑沌沌，形圆而不可败。乱生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于强。治乱，数也;勇怯，势也;强弱，形也。故善动敌者，形之，敌必从之;予之，敌必取之。以利动之，以卒待之。故善战者，求之于势，不责于人故能择人而任势。任势者，其战人也，如转木石。木石之性，安则静，危则动，方则止，圆则行。故善战人之势，如转圆石于千仞之山者，势也。
【注：】
①：“瑕”的“王”旁换“石”旁。
虚实第六
孙子曰：凡先处战地而待敌者佚，后处战地而趋战者劳。故善战者，致人而不致于人。能使敌人自至者，利之也;能使敌人不得至者，害之也。故敌佚能劳之，饱能饥之，安能动之。出其所必趋，趋其所不意。行千里而不劳者，行于无人之地也;攻而必取者，攻其所不守也。守而必固者，守其所必攻也。故善攻者，敌不知其所守;善守者，敌不知其所攻。微乎微乎，至于无形;神乎神乎，至于无声，故能为敌之司命。进而不可御者，冲其虚也;退而不可追者，速而不可及也。故我欲战，敌虽高垒深沟，不得不与我战者，攻其所必救也;我不欲战，虽画地而守之，敌不得与我战者，乖其所之也。故形人而我无形，则我专而敌分。我专为一，敌分为十，是以十攻其一也。则我众敌寡，能以众击寡者，则吾之所与战者约矣。吾所与战之地不可知，不可知则敌所备者多，敌所备者多，则吾所与战者寡矣。故备前则后寡，备后则前寡，备左则右寡，备右则左寡，无所不备，则无所不寡。寡者，备人者也;众者，使人备己者也。故知战之地，知战之日，则可千里而会战;不知战之地，不知战日，则左不能救右，右不能救左，前不能救后，后不能救前，而况远者数十里，近者数里乎!以吾度之，越人之兵虽多，亦奚益于胜哉!故曰：胜可为也。敌虽众，可使无斗。故策之而知得失之计，候之而知动静之理，形之而知死生之地，角之而知有余不足之处。故形兵之极，至于无形。无形则深间不能窥，智者不能谋。因形而措胜于众，众不能知。人皆知我所以胜之形，而莫知吾所以制胜之形。故其战胜不复，而应形于无穷。夫兵形象水，水之行避高而趋下，兵之形避实而击虚;水因地而制流，兵因敌而制胜。故兵无常势，水无常形。能因敌变化而取胜者，谓之神。故五行无常胜，四时无常位，日有短长，月有死生。
军争第七
孙子曰：
凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚众，交和而舍，莫难于军争。军争之难者，以迂为直，以患为利。故迂其途，而诱之以利，后人发，先人至，此知迂直之计者也。军争为利，军争为危。举军而争利则不及，委军而争利则辎重捐。是故卷甲而趋，日夜不处，倍道兼行，百里而争利，则擒三将军，劲者先，疲者后，其法十一而至;五十里而争利，则蹶上将军，其法半至;三十里而争利，则三分之二至。是故军无辎重则亡，无粮食则亡，无委积则亡。故不知诸侯之谋者，不能豫交;不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军;不用乡导者，不能得地利。故兵以诈立，以利动，以分和为变者也。故其疾如风，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不动如山，难知如阴，动如雷震。掠乡分众，廓地分利，悬权而动。先知迂直之计者胜，此军争之法也。《军政》曰：“言不相闻，故为之金鼓;视不相见，故为之旌旗。”夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一民之耳目也。民既专一，则勇者不得独进，怯者不得独退，此用众之法也。故夜战多金鼓，昼战多旌旗，所以变人之耳目也。三军可夺气，将军可夺心。是故朝气锐，昼气惰，暮气归。善用兵者，避其锐气，击其惰归，此治气者也。以治待乱，以静待哗，此治心者也。以近待远，以佚待劳，以饱待饥，此治力者也。无邀正正之旗，无击堂堂之陈，此治变者也。故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿从，锐卒勿攻，饵兵勿食，归师勿遏，围师遗阙，穷寇勿迫，此用兵之法也。
九变第八
孙子曰：
凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚合。泛地无舍，衢地合交，绝地无留，围地则谋，死地则战，途有所不由，军有所不击，城有所不攻，地有所不争，君命有所不受。故将通于九变之利者，知用兵矣;将不通九变之利，虽知地形，不能得地之利矣;治兵不知九变之术，虽知五利，不能得人之用矣。是故智者之虑，必杂于利害，杂于利而务可信也，杂于害而患可解也。是故屈诸侯者以害，役诸侯者以业，趋诸侯者以利。故用兵之法，无恃其不来，恃吾有以待之;无恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。故将有五危，必死可杀，必生可虏，忿速可侮，廉洁可辱，爱民可烦。凡此五者，将之过也，用兵之灾也。覆军杀将，必以五危，不可不察也。
行军第九
孙子曰：凡处军相敌，绝山依谷，视生处高，战隆无登，此处山之军也。绝水必远水，客绝水而来，勿迎之于水内，令半渡而击之利，欲战者，无附于水而迎客，视生处高，无迎水流，此处水上之军也。绝斥泽，唯亟去无留，若交军于斥泽之中，必依水草而背众树，此处斥泽之军也。平陆处易，右背高，前死后生，此处平陆之军也。凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也。凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，养生而处实，军无百疾，是谓必胜。丘陵堤防，必处其阳而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾远之，敌近之;吾迎之，敌背之。军旁有险阻、潢井、蒹葭、小林、□①荟者，必谨覆索之，此伏奸之所处也。敌近而静者，恃其险也;远而挑战者，欲人之进也;其所居易者，利也;众树动者，来也;众草多障者，疑也;鸟起者，伏也;兽骇者，覆也;尘高而锐者，车来也;卑而广者，徒来也;散而条达者，樵采也;少而往来者，营军也;辞卑而备者，进也;辞强而进驱者，退也;轻车先出居其侧者，陈也;无约而请和者，谋也;奔走而陈兵者，期也;半进半退者，诱也;杖而立者，饥也;汲而先饮者，渴也;见利而不进者，劳也;鸟集者，虚也;夜呼者，恐也;军扰者，将不重也;旌旗动者，乱也;吏怒者，倦也;杀马肉食者，军无粮也;悬□②不返其舍者，穷寇也;谆谆□③□③，徐与人言者，失众也;数赏者，窘也;数罚者，困也;先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也;来委谢者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。兵非贵益多也，惟无武进，足以并力料敌取人而已。夫惟无虑而易敌者，必擒于人。卒未亲而罚之，则不服，不服则难用。卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用。故合之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。令素行以教其民，则民服;令素不行以教其民，则民不服。令素行者，与众相得也。
【注：】
①：“翳”加“艹”头。
②：[垂瓦]。
③：[讠翕]。
地形第十
孙子曰：地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。我可以往，彼可以来，曰通。通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。可以往，难以返，曰挂。挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之，敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也，引而去之，令敌半出而击之利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌。若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌;若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。远形者，势均难以挑战，战而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。凡兵有走者、有驰者、有陷者、有崩者、有乱者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之灾，将之过也。夫势均，以一击十，曰走;卒强吏弱，曰驰;吏强卒弱，曰陷;大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩;将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱;将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。凡此六者，败之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险隘远近，上将之道也。知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也;战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。故进不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，国之宝也。视卒如婴儿，故可以与之赴深溪;视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也;知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也;知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆;知天知地，胜乃可全。
九地第十一
孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有泛地，有围地，有死地。诸侯自战其地者，为散地;入人之地不深者，为轻地;我得亦利，彼得亦利者，为争地;我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地;诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下众者，为衢地;入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地;山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为泛地;所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地;疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，交地则无绝，衢地则合交，重地则掠，泛地则行，围地则谋，死地则战。古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。合于利而动，不合于利而止。敢问敌众而整将来，待之若何曰：先夺其所爱则听矣。兵之情主速，乘人之不及。由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。凡为客之道，深入则专。主人不克，掠于饶野，三军足食。谨养而勿劳，并气积力，运兵计谋，为不可测。投之无所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人尽力。兵士甚陷则不惧，无所往则固，深入则拘，不得已则斗。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死无所之。吾士无余财，非恶货也;无余命，非恶寿也。令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃卧者涕交颐，投之无所往，诸、刿之勇也。故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至，击其尾则首至，击其中则首尾俱至。敢问兵可使如率然乎?曰可。夫吴人与越人相恶也，当其同舟而济而遇风，其相救也如左右手。是故方马埋轮，未足恃也;齐勇如一，政之道也;刚柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，携手若使一人，不得已也。将军之事，静以幽，正以治，能愚士卒之耳目，使之无知;易其事，革其谋，使人无识;易其居，迂其途，使民不得虑。帅与之期，如登高而去其梯;帅与之深入诸侯之地，而发其机。若驱群羊，驱而往，驱而来，莫知所之。聚三军之众，投之于险，此谓将军之事也。九地之变，屈伸之力，人情之理，不可不察也。凡为客之道，深则专，浅则散。去国越境而师者，绝地也;四彻者，衢地也;入深者，重地也;入浅者，轻地也;背固前隘者，围地也;无所往者，死地也。是故散地吾将一其志，轻地吾将使之属，争地吾将趋其后，交地吾将谨其守，交地吾将固其结，衢地吾将谨其恃，重地吾将继其食，泛地吾将进其途，围地吾将塞其阙，死地吾将示之以不活。故兵之情：围则御，不得已则斗，过则从。是故不知诸侯之谋者，不能预交;不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军;不用乡导，不能得地利。四五者，一不知，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大国，则其众不得聚;威加于敌，则其交不得合。是故不争天下之交，不养天下之权，信己之私，威加于敌，则其城可拔，其国可隳。施无法之赏，悬无政之令。犯三军之众，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言;犯之以害，勿告以利。投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。夫众陷于害，然后能为胜败。故为兵之事，在顺详敌之意，并敌一向，千里杀将，是谓巧能成事。是故政举之日，夷关折符，无通其使，厉于廊庙之上，以诛其事。敌人开阖，必亟入之，先其所爱，微与之期，践墨随敌，以决战事。是故始如处女，敌人开户;后如脱兔，敌不及拒。
火攻第十二
孙子曰：凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火积，三曰火辎，四曰火库，五曰火队。行火必有因，因必素具。发火有时，起火有日。时者，天之燥也。日者，月在箕、壁、翼、轸也。凡此四宿者，风起之日也。凡火攻，必因五火之变而应之：火发于内，则早应之于外;火发而其兵静者，待而勿攻，极其火力，可从而从之，不可从则上。火可发于外，无待于内，以时发之，火发上风，无攻下风，昼风久，夜风止。凡军必知五火之变，以数守之。故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者强。水可以绝，不可以夺。夫战胜攻取而不惰其功者凶，命曰“费留”。故曰：明主虑之，良将惰之，非利不动，非得不用，非危不战。主不可以怒而兴师，将不可以愠而攻战。合于利而动，不合于利而上。怒可以复喜，愠可以复说，亡国不可以复存，死者不可以复生。故明主慎之，良将警之。此安国全军之道也。
用间第十三
孙子曰：
凡兴师十万，出征千里，百姓之费，公家之奉，日费千金，内外骚动，怠于道路，不得操事者，七十万家。相守数年，以争一日之胜，而爱爵禄百金，不知敌之情者，不仁之至也，非民之将也，非主之佐也，非胜之主也。故明君贤将所以动而胜人，成功出于众者，先知也。先知者，不可取于鬼神，不可象于事，不可验于度，必取于人，知敌之情者也。故用间有五：有因间，有内间，有反间，有死间，有生间。五间俱起，莫知其道，是谓神纪，人君之宝也。乡间者，因其乡人而用之;内间者，因其官人而用之;反间者，因其敌间而用之;死间者，为诳事于外，令吾闻知之而传于敌间也;生间者，反报也。故三军之事，莫亲于间，赏莫厚于间，事莫密于间，非圣贤不能用间，非仁义不能使间，非微妙不能得间之实。微哉微哉!无所不用间也。间事未发而先闻者，间与所告者兼死。凡军之所欲击，城之所欲攻，人之所欲杀，必先知其守将、左右、谒者、门者、舍人之姓名，令吾间必索知之。敌间之来间我者，因而利之，导而舍之，故反间可得而用也;因是而知之，故乡间、内间可得而使也;因是而知之，故死间为诳事，可使告敌;因是而知之，故生间可使如期。五间之事，主必知之，知之必在于反间，故反间不可不厚也。昔殷之兴也，伊挚在夏;周之兴也，吕牙在殷。故明君贤将，能以上智为间者，必成大功。此兵之要，三军之所恃而动也。
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