中国发布首个国家人权行动的计划
摘要：中国发布首个国家人权行动计划，誓言要应对一系列问题，内容覆盖从刑讯逼供、死刑到环境等各个方面。China Issues Rights Document
China issued its first action plan on human rights, vowing to address a host of issues, from torture to the death penalty and the environment.
International rights groups welcomed the National Human Rights Action Plan of China , but some said the document was too vague and dodged key issues, including curbs on freedom of speech and of religion.
'China has a long road ahead in its efforts to improve its human-rights situation,' the document acknowledges.
The 22,000-word, two-year plan outlines the government's aim for broader access to social security, health care and education. The death penalty will be 'strictly controlled and prudently applied,' it states, adding that defendants will be guaranteed fair trials. Forced confessions by torture and the mistreatment of detainees will be prohibited. These rights are to be 'promoted and protected' within two years, the document said.
The plan also reiterates the longstanding, and much-criticized, position of Beijing that economic rights are paramount. 'In the light of the basic situation of China, we should put the people's rights to subsistence and development at the top priority of human rights 'protection' the document states.
The government aims by 2010 to create 18 million new jobs and transfer 18 million farmers out of rural areas, keeping unemployment rates in cities within 5%. Farmers' income is to jump by 6% each year, from the 4,761 yuan achieved in 2008.
Amnesty International criticized the plan's focus on economic, social and cultural rights at 'the expense of political rights.' But the group said if the promised improvements are made, it would represent 'important steps forward for human rights.'
Phelim Kine, a researcher for the New York-based Human Rights Watch, called the document 'a grab bag of policy prescriiptions and existing laws and regulations and commitments to human rights which are already out there.'
He said the plan failed to address real issues, including illegal detentions and curbs on freedom of religion and speech. The abuse of detainees in police detention centers has attracted widespread criticism from state media and Chinese judicial officials following the recent deaths of several suspects in police custody.
Illegal detention 'is an everyday occurrence in China,' Mr. Kine said.
The plan also guarantees human rights to people in areas hit by the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan province last May, even though parents of at least several children killed in school collapses during the quake who have tried to petition authorities in Beijing have been detained or sent home.
The plan's drafters solicited input from Chinese government ministries, domestic colleges and nongovernmental human-rights organizations, according to the document.
中国发布首个国家人权行动计划
中国发布首个国家人权行动计划，誓言要应对一系列问题，内容覆盖从刑讯逼供、死刑到环境等各个方面。国际人权组织纷纷对《国家人权行动计划（2009－2010年）》的发布表示欢迎，不过一些组织表示，行动计划过于含混、避开了关键问题，包括对言论和宗教信仰自由的限制。
行动计划承认，中国不断推进人权事业发展任重道远。
这份为期两年的行动计划篇幅有2.2万字，概述了政府扩大社会保障、医疗卫生和教育覆盖面的目标。行动计划指出，将严格控制并慎用死刑，并将依法保障诉讼当事人获得公正审判的权利。严禁刑讯逼供和非法拘禁。行动计划表示，这些人身权利将在两年内得到切实保障。
行动计划还重申了北京受到强烈指责的一贯立场，即经济权利是首要的。行动计划表示，从基本国情出发，切实把保障人民的生存权、发展权放在保障人权的首要位置。
政府计划在2010年前，新增1,800万城镇就业人口，转移1,800万农业劳动人口，城镇登记失业率控制在5%以内。农村居民年人均纯收入在2008年的人民币4,761元（合700美元）的基础上，每年实际增长6%左右。
国际特赦组织批评说，行动计划以牺牲政治权利为代价强调经济、社会和文化权利。不过该组织说，如果承诺的改善都兑现了，将是人权事业向前迈出的重要一步。
位于纽约的人权观察的研究人员凯恩说，这份行动计划是把政策规定、现行法律法规和已经做出的人权方面的承诺混杂在一起的产物。
他说，行动计划没能解决实际问题，包括非法拘禁和对言论和宗教信仰自由的限制。在最近发生了数起拘留所中被拘留人死亡事件之后，被拘留人受虐待的情况引起了国有媒体和中国司法部门官员的普遍指责。
凯恩说，在中国每天都有非法拘禁的事发生。
行动计划还提出保障四川地震灾区人民的人权，不过至少有数名因校舍坍塌而遇难的学生的家长在试图向北京有关部门上访时被拘留或是遣送回家。
行动计划表示，该计划是在中国政府各有关部门、国内高校和非政府人权组织等社会各界广泛参与下制定的。
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