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发表于 2016-7-11 18:39:56
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2、完形填空与阅读理解
完形填空是根据对文章的理解，依据一定的语言语篇知识将句子中所缺部分补全，使句子正确，使文章通顺连贯。虽然完形填空并没有对文章的主题拟定、细节判断和事情因果推理的考查题，但同样要求考生能把握文章的主题，同样必须理解文章的细节，进行必要的推理、判断。只有在正确理解文章的基础上，才能根据意思的需要，补足缺少的部分。 下面是93年6月的一篇四级完形填空真题。因第一句通常是介绍文章的主题，为了便于考生理解全文，文章第一句没有挖空。通过首句的阅读，考生可以推测，该篇短文介绍的是与学生学习责任有关的事情，作者欲阐述的观点是：学生应该自己负责自己的学习(而不是完全依赖老师)。
Many teachers believe that the respon-sibilities for learning lie with the students .__71__ a long reading assignment is given， instructors expect students to be familiar with the __72___ in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The __73___student is considered to be __74___ who is motivated to learn for the sake of __75___, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned __76__ brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77___ for learning the material assigned. When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with __79__ guidance. It is the __80__ responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain __81__ a university library works; they expect students, __82__grade students, to be able tot exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but ___84___ that their students not be ___85__ dependent on them. In the United States, professors have many other duties __86___ teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87___ the time that a professor can spend with a student out of class is __88___. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment.
71. A. If B. Because C. Although D. Before
72. A. suggestion B. context C. abstract D. information
73. A. poor B. ideal C. average D. disappointed
74. A. such B. one C. any D. some
75. A. fun B. work C. learning D. prize
76. A. by B. in C. for D. with
77. A. criticized B. responsible C. innocent D. dismissed
78. A. collected B. distributed C. assigned D. finished
79. A. maximum B. minimum C. possible D. practical
80. A. student's B. assistant's C. professor's D. librarian's
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
82. A. particularly B. essentially C. obviously D. rarely
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
85. A. too B. such C. much D. more
86. A. but B. except C. with D. besides
87. A. However B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. Nevertheless
88. A. plentiful B. limited C. irregular D. flexible
89. A. greet B. annoy C. approach D. attach
90. A. or B. to C. and D. but
(71.A 72. D 73. B 74. B 75. C 76. D 77. B 78. C 79. B 80. A 81. A 82. D 83. C 84. D 85. A 86. D 87. B 88. B 89. C 90. A)
文章的所有细节都是为同一主题服务的。抓住这一主题，对文章细节的理解就不会出现偏差。
老师所期望的是具有自制力的学生，自然"希望"自己的学生"不要太依赖自己"，84答案为D，85 答案为A；当分派给学生任务(78 ---C)时，自然希望学生能够独立完成，尽可能少地需要自己的指导，说明79题答案为B；在完成研究任务时，查阅各种材料也应该是"学生"的责任，80题答案为A；大学里，老师的任务很多，除了教学外还有行政、科研等任务，所以老师能给学生的时间是有限的，从这一因果关系可以判断88答案为B，因此，如果学生真地有问题就应该主动找老师或者给老师约好，89题答案为C，90题答案为A，所有这些都是围绕一个主题展开，即：学生的学习(学业)责任应由学生自己负责。 正确理解全文是做好完形填空的前提，但仅靠理解能力是不够的。完形填空最终考查的是正确表达思想的能力。也就是说，做好完形填空还需要一定的写作能力。
3、完形填空与写作
完形填空是使考生通过阅读有空缺的短文，利用自己的语言、语篇等方面的知识使短文的结构和意思恢复完整。阅读使考生获取对短文信息的了解，写作则帮助考生恢复短文结构和意思的完整性。
不同的体裁，不同的主题，其语段写作模式不同，有举例、有列举、有比较对照、有因果分析。根据语段的结构模式把握短文写作的思路，预测文章的发展，从而为解题找出依据。
写作的基本原则是：文章结构完整、内容统一、语意连贯、语言简洁，其中词语的同现、复现手段以及衔接语的使用，是文章结构得以完整、语意得以连贯、逻辑得以明了的主要手段，而完形填空中对此也有相当部分的考查。如：
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A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply---all these were important __71___ in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72__ they were not enough. Something __73__ was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men --- __74__ individuals who could invent machines, find new __75__ of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who __76___ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77___ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79___ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research __80___. He is not necessarily working __81__ that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82__ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86___ other objectives. Most of the people who __87___ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had __88__ or no training in science might not have made their inventions __89__ a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years __90__.
71. A. cases B. reasons C. factors D. situations
72. A. But B. And C. Besides D. Even
73. A. else B. near C. extra D. similar
74. A. generating B. effective C. motivation D. creative
75. A. origins B. sources C. bases D. discoveries
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
81. A. now B. and C. all D. so
82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never
83. a. plan B. use C. idea D. means
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
86. A. few B. those C. many D. all
87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
88. A. little B. much C. some D. any
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
90. A. ago B. past C. ahead D. before
(71.C 72. A 73. A 74. D 75. B 76. B 77. A 78. C 79. C 80. D 81. D 82. C 83. B 84. A 85. D 86. C 87. B 88. A 89. B 90. D)
该篇短文讲的是在英国工业革命中起重要作用的人，是人发明了机器。有关"机器发明"的概念贯穿整篇文章，第一段中的 "___74__ men who could invent machines" 第二段中的" the men who ___76___the machines of Industrial Revolution…" 和" many of them were ___78__ inventors than scientists" 最后一段的"Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors"。这些概念的重复在文章中起着纽带的作用，把整篇文章连接起来。考试若能读出这些，答案则自明。能发明机器自然是"creative", "发明"也就意味着 "create (76)"、" develop (87)"。所以这些人"与其说是科学家不如说是发明家"，78题答案应是C。 从文章的叙述逻辑来看，文章开端说明财富、自然资源、充足的劳动力等在促使英国成为工业革命中心的重要性，而接着介绍"人"的因素，并且文章的主要篇幅都是介绍的"人"的因素，说明72题应是"转折词"but，由but引出文章的主题。第二段中"Many of them were more inventors than scientists"预示着下文将说明"发明家" 与"科学家"的不同。按照这个脉络去阅读，考生可以很轻松地找到下一个用于连接上下文的"重复"手段。第二段结尾"so that his findings can be used" 中"used" 与第三段第一句中的 "applied science" 以及"to make something that has a concrete ___83___"，是前后两段有机地衔接在一起，考生可以很轻松地判断83为"use"。另外第三段中冒号的使用从某种程度上就已经交代了答案。通过分析后面的具体例子，考生可以判断85答案为D。 衔接的手法很多，它们是文章必不可少的纽带，同时也是完形填空常常考查的题点。掌握应有的写作技能将有助于完形填空能力的提高。
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二、 大学英语四级完形填空测试要点
从干扰项的设计来看，近几年完形填空大体有以下特点:
1． 搭配题
1) 名词与介词的搭配，如95年的answers to ( answers __88__the more difficult ones)；
2) 形容词和介词的搭配 be confident in ( the ones __85__which they are most confident)；
3) 动词与介词的搭配，如97年的take sth for granted (Take it __69__ granted that he likes everything),98年的judge …from (We judge race usually __62__ the colouring of the skin), get to work ( before __82__ to work) 和 adapt to ( the easier it will be for them to _____ to the new environment)；
4) 动词和名词的搭配，如98年的 take step ( there may be one more step they have to ___81___ before registering for classes and ___82__ to work) ；
5) 副词与分词的搭配,如98年的well prepared (they may also take one of more examinations that test how _73__ prepared they are for the university)等等。
这些都是常用的固定搭配,考生只要平时多加注意，在考试中便可轻松应对。
2．短语
另外一类比较简单的选项为短语，这些也大都是约定俗成的，如95年的take place，come from，97年的have an idea, come back, 98年的in the past, 2000年的learn by heart。
3．上下文线索
名词、动词、形容词的选择题中，大多情况下是四个选项没有任何联系，语义差别也比较大，选择时需根据上下文进行语意方面的判断，多数情况下，上下文中有同现和复现现象，考生应注意利用这些提示。
三、 完形填空解题技巧
(一)注意词汇知识的运用
完形填空中对词的考查以实词为主，如形容词、动词、副词等。其中有相当一部分词汇题中各个选项之间并无大的联系。这类题要求考生应从上下文的语义入手，根据各选项单词的意思和结构进行选择。
1． 注意动词自身的结构功能
对动词来说，一般从两点设干扰项，一是动词的结构功能，如能不能接宾语，接什么样的宾语，能不能接复合宾语；二是上下文的语义要求。有相当部分选择题考生只从结构上就可做出正确的判断。 如：
① Individuals of every race __76__ civilization to go backward or forward.
76. A. make B. cause C. move D. turn
根据动词的句法功能可以判断答案为B。
② Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
根据四个选项的句法功能可以排除A，B两个选项。从常识来看，大学招生时的面试是一项"要求"，而非一项"命令"，所以答案为D。
2． 注意分析动词所包含的肯定/否定含义与上下文的关系
在做动词选择题时，除观察动词自身的结构功能之外，还应注意其语义特点，比如，有的单词含有肯定含义，有的却有否定的含义。考生可借助这一特点，分析具体的上下文。如：
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Do not talk too much to the child __75_ meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not _76__ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will __77__learn to swallow his food __78__ he can hurry back to his toys.
75. A. on B. over C. by D. during
76. A. agree B. allow C. force D. persuade
77. A. hurriedly B. soon C. fast D. slowly
78. A. so B. until C. lest D. although
76题动词的选择依赖于上下句意思的需要。从四个选项的结构功能来看，A不对，因为agree后不能接复合宾语。从语意角度来看，A，B包含否定的含义，C，D包含肯定的含义。"不同意/允许孩子马上离开"即阻止孩子离开， 而"不强迫/说服孩子马上离开"即允许孩子离开，只是不采用强制的手段。根据下文"否则孩子会养成狼吞虎咽的习惯以便尽快地回去玩自己的玩具"，答案应是B。可见，动词的选择不仅应看其句法功能，还需根据上下文确定其语义要求。
3．注意分析上下文的情景
结构是为意思服务的，在完形填空中大部分选项只看动词的结构功能是很难判断的，考生应注意分析上下文的情景。对于行为动词的选择应想象当时所发生的事情，根据"目睹的所发生的事情"进行选择。如：
③ The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72__ forward.
71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then
72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved
虽然72中的四个动词都能与forward.搭配，但根据飞机在空中如此颠簸的情况，乘客应该是被"抛向前方"。另外，shift一般还表示左右摇摆为多，put forward一般做"提出(建议)"解，move forward是"向前移动"可能是乘客从座位上走下来，向前漫漫移动，与当时飞机上的情形不符。
4． 注意上下句的联系，不要孤立地根据一句进行判断
完形填空不同于"词汇语法填空"之处就于，在完形填空所依赖的上下文比词汇语法填空要大的多。在做完形填空时，考生必须仔细阅读上下文，切不可只凭一句的提示进行判断。如：
It later became a custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and ___81__ during an important ceremony at the royal court. (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
81. A. act B. prepare C. respond D. follow
该题中四个选项意思差别很大，也没有结构上的特殊要求，只能根据上下文的意思确定选项。本句所处短文所要说明的是词语的演变问题。该句所表达的是在法语中"etiquette"是一种卡片，用来书写提示，提示客人应该穿什么衣服，以及在仪式上应注意的事项，即言谈举止应注意的问题，再结合下文的to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow可以判断本题答案应是A。
5． 注意词汇与话题的同现
每个单词都有其适应的空间，其适合的话题，与同一话题相连的单词就构成了一个以话题为中心的词汇链。在做完形填空时考生可以借助词汇链的知识帮助完成选择。如
I have no doubt that (virtually) all of these people were __74__ in school that the earth revolves around the sun; (they) may even have written it(on)a test.
74. A. learned B. suggested C. taught D. advised
与学校这个话题相连的动词很多，如teach, learn, study, attend, leave, take, drop out, dismiss等等。根据本题四个选项的特点和74处被动语态的使用，考生可以轻松地判断答案为C。
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6. 注意介词的表意功能和搭配功能
完形填空中涉及到介词选择的有两种：一种是常用介词的基本用法；另一种是与介词有关的搭配，测试中以搭配居多，也有部分常用介词用法的考查。在做这类考题时将介词选项的表意功能与上下文结合起来即可。 如：
① He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error.
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
"科学的理论"，of表示"有关"。
② Some geography books focus on a small area __77__ a town or city.
77. A. outside B. as C. except D. like
四个介词无任何相同之处，意思差别很大，根据a small area和 town city之间的列举关系，答案应是D。
③ A geographer might be described __85_ one who observes, records, and explains the differences between places.
85. A. for B. as C. to D. by
表示"作为"的介词是as。
④ They read over the questions __83__ trying to answer any of them.
83. A. after B. besides C. before D. against
阅读问题和回答问题之间所存在的是时间上的前后问题，自然是先阅读问题后回答，所以答案为C。
⑤ People see the "sun" moving __80__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary (while) that is happening.
80. A. around B. across C. on D. above
太阳由东向西划过天空，四个选项中只有B，能表示"从一边到另一边"，答案应是B。
7． 根据代词在上下文中的替代作用选择适当的代词
就代词而言，重点是看其在上下文中的替代作用，同时要特别注意that,one等的运用。如：
① The foreign research scholar usually isolates __76_ in the laboratory as a means of protection.
76. A. himself B. him C. oneself D. one
这是反身代词的一般用法，句子主语不是泛指的one，C不对，答案为A。
② What he needs is to be fitted with a highly organized university system quite different from __79__ at home.
79. A. those B. what C. which D. that
根据所对比的内容"university system"，可以判断，79所代替的是可数单数特指，说明答案应是D。
③ Never asks a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never _66__ else to do so.
66. A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody
本句为否定句，因此应选择非断定词，即答案为B。
④ At meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him come back for a second helping rather than give him as __74__ as he is likely to eat all at once.
74. A. much B. little C. few D. many
本句所谈论的是一顿饭应该让孩子吃多少，从这一点上来讲，量的表达应用不可数代词，C，D可以排除。从上文中的a small portion来看，这里所要表达是"而不是孩子想吃多少就让他吃多少"， 即 as much as he is likely to eat， 答案为A。
8． 注意词语的搭配，根据搭配选择正确答案
(1) 注意常用短语动词的辨认
动词是构成句子必不可少的成分，作为谓语动词的一部分，短语动词也是十分活跃的成分，在完形填空的考查中占有一定的比重。这类短语有两种考查方式。一是，四个选项中只有一个搭配是正确的，这是最简单的一种；另一种是，四个选项的搭配不只一个正确，这时考生需借助于上下文语义做出适当的判断。试看以下各例：
① The man who (invented) the machines of the Industrial Revolution __76__ from many backgrounds and many occupations.
76. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
该题选项中只有一个可与from搭配，即A。
② At meal times it is a good (idea) to give a child a small portion and let him _73__ back for a second helping rather than give him as (much) as he is likely to eat all at once.
73. A. ask B. come C. return D. take
从搭配上而言，B，D都是正确的，但take back表示"收回前言，承认自己是错误的"，与本题语义不符。这里只表示"回来"，所以答案是B。
③ The word geography __74_ from two Greek words.
74. A. falls B. results C. removes D. comes
该题可有两个正确的搭配，但result from表示"起因于"，而这里表示的是单词的来源，答案应该是D。
(2) 注意动词与名词、介词和副词的搭配功能
① The initial effort to recall __77__ the mind for operation.
77. A. leads B. begins C. helps D. prepares
本题答案为D，prepare …for表示"使……做好……准备"。
② The more knowledge students have (about) the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment.
90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt
使自己适应新的环境应是adapt oneself to 。
③ But they will also __72__ beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a (whole).
72. A. pass B. reach C. come D. go
本题中跟与beyond搭配的只有选项D。
④ He is faced in his daily work __80__ differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching.
A. toward B. with C. to D. at
与be faced搭配的介词是with。
⑤ But (if) you were to remove the skin you could not __64__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged.
64.A speak B. talk C. tell D. mention
从搭配功能上讲，只有tell可接something about。
(3)注意形容词与名词的搭配
These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78_ traffic during rush hours.
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
用来修饰traffic的有light/heavy。根据上文中crowded和下文rush hours可以判断这里的正确搭配应是heavy traffic。
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(4) 注意名词与介词的搭配
名词与介词所构成的固定搭配是一种常见的语言形式，也是英语完形填空测试中经常涉及的题点。对于这类搭配，考生只要平时注意识记即可。
① But they also (go) beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a __73__.
73. A. whole B. part C. unit D. total
本题答案为A，构成as a whole的搭配，意为"作为整体"。
② By the time the easier questions are answered, answers _88__ the more difficult ones will usually come into the consciousness.
88. A. to B. of C. about D. for
本题所考查的实际上是名词与介词的搭配，答案为A。
(5)注意形容词与介词的搭配
① Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77__ for learning the material assigned.
77. A. criticized B. innocent C. responsible D. dismissed
从搭配能力上来看，A，D结构也是正确的，但语义与上下文不和。答案应是C, be responsible for 表示"对……负责"，而上下文所讲的正是"学生应该对自己的学习负起责任"。
② The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become __85_ with the controls of the plane.
85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close
从搭配上来看，只有B是正确的，另外，从语意角度上讲也应该是B。在机场上空盘旋目的是为了熟悉飞机的驾驶操作，以便安全降落。
③ Then they answer first the ones __85__ which they are most confident.
85. A. of B. with C. for D. in
which所引导的是定语从句，所填介词是从句中介词的提前，根据从句中介词的搭配，答案应是D，"对……很自信"应该是be confident in。
9． 注意区分同义词、近义词和形似词
近几年的四级英语考试对同义词、近义词和形似词的测试逐渐增多。一般四个选项中至少有两个为近义词。对于这类考题，考生除具备一定的词语辨析的能力外，主要是看上下文的语义关系。如：
① They expect students, particularly graduate students to be able to exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but __84_ that their students should not be too dependent on them.
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
83中collections为"全集、汇编"；selections为"选集"，图书馆的资料不只是选集或汇编，所以该两个选项与语意不符。C，D意思接近，但所指有别，只"源泉、来源"，指"起源、起因"。图书馆所提供的应该是参考材料的源泉，答案应是C。
② These secondary routes may go up steel slopes, along high (cliffs), or down frightening hillsides to towns __87__ in deep valleys.
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
本题的选择涉及到lie 和lay语义和用法区别以及非谓语动词的用法。表示"坐落"的应该是不及物动词lie, 做定语与被修饰对象之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，应该用现在分词形式，即A。
③ At this moment, the air hostess ___73__. She looked pale, but was quite __74__.
73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared
74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet
73中四个选项都有"出现、显露"方面的意思，但自身的语义特征构成了各自及物不及物的区别。A，B，C 都是及物动词，而这里应用不及物动词，表示"出现"之意，所以答案为D。
74除A外，三个选项意思接近，为近义词。但语义的侧重不同，与人连用时，still表示"站着不动"，quiet表示"安静，不乱说，乱动"，calm则表示人，"镇定、平静"。上文的"脸色苍白"，说明了"恐惧"的存在，而一般在这种状态下，人们的行为会有些失常，表现出不够"镇定"，"不能泰然处之"。句中but的使用，所以，答案应该是C。
④ If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother __67_vegetables in the child's hearing he is _68__ to copy the procedure.
67. A. opposes B. denies C. refuses D. offends
68. A. willing B. possible C. obliged D. likely
67四个选项都具有否定的含义。由上文来看，这里所表示的应该是母亲不喜欢吃蔬菜之类的含义。四个选项中，A搭配不对，因oppose后一般不接表示具体事物的名词。deny表示"拒绝给予"，意思不符，offend表示"冒犯，触怒"，与vegetable搭配不当。refuse表示"拒绝"，即"拒绝吃蔬菜"，为正确选项。
68中有两种选项：A，B表示与"意愿"有关的概念；B，D表示"可能性"。从上下文的语义发展来看，应该是可能性。B，D两个选项中，B句法结构不对，答案为D。
⑤ Human brains are the __68___.
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
四个选项都表示"相同"的概念，对于这四个词的选择，考生不必去分析每个词之间的语义差别，最好是从搭配上入手。四个单词中只有same与定冠词连用，答案自然是A。
⑥ Long before they graduate from high school, these students take special _72__ to prepare for advanced study.
72. A. courses B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects
除B之外，其它三个选项都与"课程"有关，subject是"学科""科目"， major表示"专业"， course意为"课程"。另外从搭配来看，能与take搭配的也只是选项A。
⑦Some high school students may be _76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
A，D为形似词，意思差别很大，考生要注意区分。根据招生的安排，大学老师与考生见面并非强制性行为，而是对报考考生的一个要求，答案为D。
⑧They are _78__ to show that they have a good attitude and the _79__ to succeed.
78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined
79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality
78中四个选项都可表示"决定"，但能构成be + ved结构的却只有D。从语义角度上讲，面试考生要展示的是自己的能力，而非可能性。A与能力似乎有点联系，但具体地来说，表示的是"权利"，"能源"，所以79题的正确选项应该是B。
10． 运用语法知识
四级完形填空中也相当一部分是考查语法的试题，主要集中在虚拟语气、定语从句和状语从句和倒装句。
(1)根据虚拟语气选择时态
If all places __87_ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
87. A. being B. are C. be D. were
本题是对虚拟从句中时态的考查。首先，从主句的时态可以判断这是个虚拟条件句，从句中应该使用虚拟语气。四个选项中只有D是虚拟语气的结构，答案为D。
(2)根据句子的虚拟条件选择连词
Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions _89__ a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years before.
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
本题所考查的是虚拟条件从句与其它从句的区别。从上下文的语义和主从句的时态可以判断，这里是虚拟语气，答案为B。
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(3) 正确判断定语从句
只有当确定定语从句以后，才能正确地选择关系词。在定语从句的确定中，首先确定关联词所连接的是一简单句，并列句还是从句，尤其是在两句之间有逗号相隔的情况下。如：
① The word geography (comes) from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for "earth", and graphein, __75_ means "to write".
75. A. what B. that C. which D. it
可以判断the Greek word for "earth",为同位语，用来说明解释 ge， 从句法结构的对称来看graphein 后也应该是用来解释说明graphein的，这就说明，graphein后不是一个简单句，而是一个定语从句，从逗号的使用可以很容易判断，并且是一个非限制性定语从句，说明答案为C。
② He invited a lot of people to his birthday party, all of ____ were professors.
A. them B. whom C. which D. those
这句话涉及定语从句的辨别。如果填them，就成了一个简单句，但两句之间没有连词，不符合英语的句法要求。如果填whom则为非限制性定语从句，对主句内容进行补充说明。
(4) 注意定语从句的关系词的运用
有时，四个选项都是定语从句的关系词，很显然是考查定语从句关系词的使用。在关系词的选择中可从两点去考虑，一是先行词为何，二是关系词在定语从句中的作用。如：
① Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to place __88_ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a (chance) to get a fresh, clean (view) of the world.
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
这一个定语从句关系词的考查题。其中三个选项都可做定语从句的关系词。根据定语从句的先行词，以及先行词在从句中的作用，可以判断，本题答案为D。
② The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything (in) the past.
79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever
先行词是something， 关系词在从句中做主语，说明，关系词应该是that，即A。
③ These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with (heavy) traffic during rush hours, __79_ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route.
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that (CET4-90.1)
从句所表达的是什么时候这种直接快捷的高速公路变得如此缓慢，是对的解释，先行词为时间，关系词在从句中做状语，说明答案为A。
(5)根据定语从句的关系词判断先行词
如先行词不同，关系词也随着不同，只有当先行词为表示地点时关系词才可用where。所以从关系词的使用情况可以判断先行词的类别。四六级完形填空中不乏此类的考题。如：
① This is thought to be a __89__ where further study is called (for).
89. A. scope B. field C. range D. district
根据关系词where和从句中所表示的"研究",可以确定先行词应该是field"领域"。
② The __62_ a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (attractively) served meal will often improve a child's appetite.
62. A. procedure B. process C. way D. method
定语从句的关系词省略，关系词在从句中又不做任何成分，说明先行词一定是way。
(6) 根据先行词的修饰语判断从句中副词的使用
当定语从句的先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，从句中应该用完成时态并且用ever。如果了解这一规律，下面一题可轻松解答。
The largest brain _71__ examined belonged to a person of weak (mind).
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
初看，这里没有什么定语从句，实际上，分词做定语与从句做定语概念是一样的，只是结构的差别而已。这里的分词做定语就相当于that had ever been examined，因此，考生还是可以按照定语从句的规律来判断。
(7)根据上下文的逻辑关系判断状语从句连词的使用
① It shook violently _89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly (along) the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so
飞机着陆与剧烈振动之间既有因果关系，又有时间上的关系，但没有条件的关系，因为这里所描述的是具体发生的事情。如为因果，则着陆为因，振动为果；D因果倒置，不对。表示时间的连词while从句中一般与持续性动词或状态动词连用，表示一个动作在另一个动作的过程之中发生，显然与本句的情况不符。答案应是A，as表示同时发生。
② Did you ever have someone's name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? __71__ this happens again, do not (try) to recall it.
71. A. As B. When C. While D. Whether
71所表示的应该是表示时间的副词。A，B，C都可连接时间状语从句，其中A强调同时发生；C强调主句谓语动词在从句谓语动词的进行之中发生，两者都与本题不符，答案应该是When。
③ Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food __61_ it is badly cooked.
61. A. if B. until C. that D. unless
从意思上讲，孩子喜欢与不喜欢某一饭菜和饭菜做的质量之间应该是条件或因果的关系。从本句所表达的方式来看应该是"除非饭菜做的不好，孩子是很少会不喜欢的"，由此看来，答案应该是D。
④ The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. _71__ these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections), a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable) one.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
从句介绍高速公路的优点，而主句提出其不足，前后显然是转折的关系，从句为让步状语从句，答案为A。
(8) 注意分析连词在从句中的作用和语意要求。
① We know, however, __88__ no two places are exactly the same.
88. A. although B. be C. whether D. that
从结构上看，空格后为宾语从句，A，B不能引导宾语从句，可以排除。从句中没有疑问或判断的意思，所以答案应该是D。
② Professors do not have the time to explain __81_ a university library works.
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
空格后表示解释的内容，自然是做宾语的，为宾语从句。从连词和句子的关系来看，应该是表示方式，即解释如何使用图书馆，答案为D。
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(9)注意倒装的条件
英语中主谓倒装的情况很多，如，only + 状语置于句首倒装，含有否定意味的词置于句首倒装；so表示某人也如何；neither/nor表示某人也不如何，置于句首倒装，虚拟语气中条件句if省略，将were/should/had置于句首等等。这几年的完形填空中对倒装语序的考查集中在nor的使用上。如：
① Human brains are the (same). No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (vary) in size, but this occurs within every race. __70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
② Under __79__ circumstance must a child be coaxed (or) forced to eat.
79. A. some B. such C. such D. no
以上两题中都是采用了倒装语序。而四个选项中只有一个为否定词。按照含有否定意味的词提前，主谓倒装的原则，两题都应选择否定词。第一题答案为C，表示人脑的大小同智力也没有什么关系；第二题答案为D，表示在任何情况下都不应该强迫或哄骗孩子进食。
(二) 运用篇章技巧
一个完整的语篇，一篇内容充实，结构合理，行文流畅的短文所依赖的不只是词汇和语法，更多的是篇章技巧。作者借助于篇章技巧成文，同学们在复现作者的语言时同样可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空毕竟不同于单项选择，作为一个意思连贯，结构完整的语篇，其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解题中至关重要的手段。
1. 运用词汇复现技巧：
复现有原词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现等。完形填空中，考生可以利用上下文的复现信息，确定正确的表达方式。
1) 原词复现
为了表达的需求，在具体的上下文中同一概念重复出现。考生可以借助于上下文中这一信息选择答案。如：
① It can be said that foreign __74__ that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also (creates) problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual.……… Both the visiting professor and his students (lack) background in each others' culture.
74. A. situation B. background C. circumstances D. condition
四个选项都表示"情况"的概念,而一个外籍老师的"情况"又该用什么词来表达,通过文章后半部的阅读考生就不难发现background一词，便可判断此处答案为B。
② As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. ……… Moving the pilot (aside), the man took his seat and listened carefully to the (urgent) instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport (below). The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone's (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. ……… Following __88___, the man guided the plane toward the airfield.
84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view
88. A. impressions B. information C. inspections D. instructions
从上文中的circled可以推断84"在机场上盘旋"应该是B。从上文中listened to the instructions可以判断88为D。这样，84为上文中circle的复现；follow instructions 为listen to instructions的复现。
③ Again, a word from one language may pass into other languages and __74__ a new meaning. ……… So, in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to __77_ the small tags which a store (attached ) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, (however), gradually developed a different meaning. ……… (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
74. A. developed B. pick C. change D. bases
77. A. show B. indicate C. hold D. design
一个单词出现的新的意思，用来表示什么表达方式可以从下文的复现信息(黑体字)判断。这样考生就用不着为各选项之间的辨析而头痛。
2) 同义词、近义词复现
同义词，近义词是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文语意得以连接起来。做完形填空时，考生应注意分析上下文中出现的解释性语言。如：
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