英语学习之语法结构---ING分词（一）

英语自学网

　　内容提要
        　　-ING分词也是动词的非限定性形式，由动词原形+-ING构成，在句中可以直接作主语，也可用形式主语it来代替，而把- ING分词放到后边;可以作表语;作宾语时对动词有一定的要求，有的动词只能跟接-ING分词，有的动词则既可以跟不定式也可以跟-ING分词，而且- ING分词还可作介词的宾语;在作宾语补足语时对动词也有一定的要求;作状语时， -ING分词要与其逻辑主语呼应，否则就要用独立结构;-ING分词作定语时相当于一个定语从句。跟动词不定式一样，-ING分词也有它的完成时态、被动语态和否定形式;最后我们还要了解-ING分词的逻辑主语问题。
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        　　I -ING分词的形式
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        　　-ING分词是指由动词原形+-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式，具体形式如下
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        　　主动形式 被动形式
        　　一般时 doing being done
        　　完成时 having done having been done
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        　　就其语法功能而言，它可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。
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        　　II -ING分词的用法
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        　　一、 作主语
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        　　1. 一般形式
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        　　1) ___ the matriculation for postgraduate is probably the turning point of my life.
        　　[A] Taking the part of [B] Taking part in
        　　[C] To take the part of[D] To take the notice in
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        　　2) ___a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe.
        　　[A] As [B] To be
        　　[C] Is [D] Being
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        　　3) ___by transforming the blame to others is often called scapegoating.
        　　[A] Eliminate problems [B] The eliminated problems
        　　[C] Eliminating problems [D] Problems are eliminated
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        　　2. 有时可以用it做形式主语
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        　　It’’s waste of time arguing with the gossip about it.
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        　　It’’s interesting having traveled to Beidaihe this year. [说明：从这句中我们可以看出，这种结构通常适用于名词和形容词。但不适用于像possible, important, essential, necessary等表示性质的形容词，这些词后面一般要跟动词不定式。我们不能说 It’’s quite necessary taking part in the negociation.应改作 It’’s quite necessary to take part in the negociation.]
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        　　It’’s glorious getting involved in working out the plan.
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        　　4) It is [A] possible determining that [B] French explorers reached the jucture of [C] the Kansas and Missouri rivers [D] in the seventeenth century.
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        　　二、作表语的-ING分词
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        　　Seeing is believing.
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        　　His aims are learning two foreign languages and applying the theory he has learned to practice.
        　　三、-ING分词作动词宾语
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        　　1. 一类是动词或短语后边跟宾语的非限定性动词只能是-ING分词，如： acknowledge, admit(坦白，承认), advise, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can’’t help, consider, contemplate(深思), delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape(躲过，避开), excuse, fancy, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep on, justify, mean(意味着，等于), mind(在乎), miss, postpone, practise, prohibit, put off, quit, recall, regret, resist, resume, risk(冒险干…), suggest, threaten。
            
            

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分页标题#e#
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        　　5) By taking the back way he escaped___ .
        　　[A] to be seen [B] have been seen
        　　[C] seeing [D] being seen
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        　　6) I came late and missed___ Jack winning.
        　　[A] to see [B] seeing
        　　[C] see[D] seen
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        　　7) "I see our boss coming down the hall."
        　　 "Then we’d better ___quit and get down to business."
        　　[A] talking [B] to talk
        　　[C] from talking[D] having talk
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        　　8) The young doctor first [A] practised to use [B] the needles on [C] his own [D] wrist.
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        　　9) Some experts have advocated to bring [A] that country into [B] the talks, to revive the intermittent dialogue [C] that began [D] after the 1967 Middle East War.
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        　　2. 另一类动词后边作宾语的非限定性动词可以是-ING分词的动名词，也可以是动词不定式，如：attempt, begin, can’’t bear, cease, continue, deserve, endure, forget, go on, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start , stop, try等。(动词后接 -ING和不定式时在用法上的区别在下一章讲)
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        　　10) "What’s wrong with Henry?""He needs___ ."
        　　[A] cheer up [B] to be cheer up
        　　[C] cheering up[D] to cheered up
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        　　11) Any such news would start___ her .
        　　[A] to worry [B] worrying
        　　[C] worry[D] worried
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        　　3. -ING分词作宾语还有下一结构，即用it代表-ING分词，而把-ING分词短语放到句子的后边去
        　　I consider it worthwhile spending ten thousand yuan on the furniture./Marry fount it marvellous having a journey with him.
        　　四、 -ING结构作介词的宾语
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        　　几乎所有介词，不管是单个介词还是介词词组，不管它们是谓语动词的组成部分与否，都能用-ING分词的动名词作其宾语。所以，-ING结构作介词宾语的时候很多。-ING结构一般作介词短语的宾语，主要有以下搭配关系
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        　　1. 动词+介词+ -ING
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        　　12) Scientists measure the hardness [A] of a material [B] by comparatively [C] with a table of ten well-known [D] metals.
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        　　13) Her mother did not [A] approve of her to go [B] to the party without dressing [C] formally [D] .
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        　　14) Although many women’s colleges [A] have been coeducational [B] , other universities remain committed to keep [C] their facilities separate [D] .
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        　　15) We insist on you leave [A] the place before [B] any further [C] disturbances take place [D] .
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        　　2. 名词(形容词，不及物动词)+介词to(不要把它视为动词不定式的标志)。下面是大纲中所列短语中的"to"为介词：(be) contrary to (与…相反),object(objection)to (反对), with a view to (为…起见)，(be) opposed to (反对)， in contrast to (与…成对比),be used to (习惯于), be exposed to, be dedicated to (致力于),resort to (诉诸于), as to (关于), be accustomed to (习惯于), be devoted to (献身于), be committed to (委身于), react to (对…反应), with regard to (关于), look forward to (期待), contribute to (贡献)，owe to由于，归功于等
            
            

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分页标题#e#
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        　　16) I have no objection___ the evening with them.
        　　[A] to spend  [B] to spending
        　　[C] to have spent [D] to have to spend
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        　　17) Why do you object to___ the direction?
        　　[A] following [B] follow
        　　[C] have follow [D] have been followed
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        　　18) Mr. Brown often wore [A] a heavy coat [B] because he was not used to live [C] in such a [D] cold climate.
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        　　19) Livy was the [A] only great historian of the time [B] , and he devoted his attention to give [C] the world splendid [D] pictures.
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        　　3. 动词+副词+介词+ -ING
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        　　I look forward to her coming soon.
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        　　4. 形容词(或具有形容词性质的-ED分词)+介词+ -ING