温家宝:中国农业和农村的发展道路(中英对照）

英语自学网

中国农业和农村的发展道路
        China’s Agricultural and Rural Development
        　　一、充分肯定农业农村发展的巨大成就
        　　I. Great achievements in agricultural and rural development
        　　我们党历来高度重视“三农”工作，特别是党的十六大以来，坚持统筹城乡发展，出台了一系列强农惠农富农政策，农业农村发展取得了举世瞩目的巨大成就。
        　　The CPC has always placed great emphasis on its initiatives in regard to agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents. Committed to balancing the development of urban and rural areas, the Party has implemented a series of policies with a view to strengthening agriculture, benefiting rural residents, and allowing people in rural areas to prosper since the convening of its Sixteenth National Congress. These efforts have been met with remarkable advances in China’s agricultural and rural development.
        　　粮食连年稳定增产，农林牧渔全面发展。我们坚持把加强农业作为全部工作的重中之重和宏观调控的重点，及时采取一系列强有力的举措。粮食产量实现了历史罕见的“八连增”，2011年达到11424亿斤，比2003年增加2810亿斤。其他主要农产品全面增产。农业结构不断优化，农业物质技术装备水平稳步提高。生态建设力度明显加大，森林资源和林业经济快速增长。
        　　China’s grain output has grown steadily for consecutive years, and overall progress has also been made in farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. The development of agriculture is our number one priority and the key focus of our macro-control policies. On this basis, we have acted quickly to adopt a series of effective policies aimed at boosting agriculture. China’s national grain output has recorded eighth consecutive year of growth, which is a very rare achievement. Grain output reached 571.2 million tons in 2011, a whole 140.5 million tons greater than the output recorded in 2003. Increases have also been witnessed in the output of other major agricultural products in China. Moreover, the mix of agricultural produce in China’s agricultural sector has been further optimized, and the application of advanced technologies and equipment in agricultural production has been enhanced. In addition, we have stepped up our initiatives in ecological conservation by a considerable margin, leading to the rapid growth of forest resources and the forestry industry.
        　　农民收入持续较快增长，生活水平显著提高。我们坚持把增加农民收入作为农村工作的中心任务，千方百计拓宽增收渠道。农民人均纯收入实现了连续多年较快增长，预计2011年为6900多元，比2002年增加4400多元，按可比价格计算年均增速达到7.9%。特别是2010年以来，出现城乡收入差距缩小的可喜迹象。农民吃穿住用等有了很大改善，日子越过越好。
        　　Rural incomes have continued to rise rapidly, bringing about significant improvement in the living standards of rural residents. We have continued to regard the increasing of rural incomes as a core task of our initiatives in rural areas. On this basis, we have made every effort to create additional means of income for rural residents. The per capita net income of rural residents has increased steadily over the past several years, and is expected to have exceeded 6, 900 yuan in 2011. This represents a significant increase of more than 4,400 yuan over that recorded in 2002, and equates to an average annual increase of 7.9% according to comparable prices. On a particularly positive note, the income gap between urban and rural areas began to show signs of narrowing in 2010. Generally speaking, the living standards of rural residents have improved significantly, and are continuing to improve.
        　　农村面貌加快改善，呈现和谐稳定的新气象。我们坚持把发展农村公共事业作为缩小城乡差距的重要抓手。持续加强农村基础设施建设，9年来，全国新建改建了272万公里的农村公路，解决了3.26亿农村人口的饮水安全问题，新增农村沼气用户3000多万户，改造农村危房460多万户。下决心补齐农村社会事业这个短板，目前免费义务教育惠及1.3亿农村学生，新型农村合作医疗覆盖97%的农民，农村最低生活保障制度覆盖5300多万人，新型农村社会养老保险试点覆盖60%的县、7800多万农民领取了养老金。农村基层组织和民主法制建设不断加强，社会治安持续好转，党群干群关系明显改善。
        　　Rural areas have undergone transformation, presenting a portrait of harmony and stability. We have identified the development of public programs in rural areas as an important means of narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas. On this basis, constant efforts have been made to improve the state of infrastructure in rural regions. Over the past nine years, we have built and upgraded total 2.72 million kilometers of rural roads, brought safe drinking water to 326 million rural residents, supplied additional 30 million rural households with methane, and renovated dilapidated houses for over 4.6 million rural households. In addition, we have devoted efforts to making up for the deficiency of social programs in rural areas. As a result, compulsory education is available to 130 million rural students free of charge, our new rural cooperative medical care system covers 97% of the rural population, and over 53 million rural residents are included in the system of basic living allowances. Moreover, trials for a new type of pension insurance for rural residents have already been launched in 60% of China’s counties, with 78 million rural residents being eligible to receive pension payouts from the government. Constant progress has been made in the development of grassroots organizations and in the enhancement of democracy and the rule of law in rural areas. In turn, both public security and relationships between the Party and the public and between cadres and the general public in rural areas have been notably improved.
        　　党的十六大以来这些年，是我国农业农村发生历史性巨变、农民得实惠最多的时期之一，“三农”发展进入又一个“黄金期”。农业农村发展的好形势，为我们战胜各种风险挑战奠定了坚实基础，为促进国民经济平稳较快发展提供了有力支撑，为保持社会和谐稳定作出了突出贡献。
        　　The years since the convening of the Sixteenth National Party Congress represent a period in which huge historic changes have occurred to agriculture and rural areas and rural residents have enjoyed almost unprecedented tangible benefits. This period has been yet another golden era for the development of agriculture, rural areas and rural residents in China. In turn, the smooth development of agriculture and rural areas has laid down solid foundations for our efforts to overcome various risks, provided strong support for the steady and rapid development of the national economy, and made a significant contribution to the preservation of social harmony and stability.
        　　农业农村工作历尽艰辛，取得的成就来之不易。这些年来，各种自然灾害特别是水旱灾害频繁发生，耕地数量不断减少，农业劳动力大量转移，农业生产成本持续攀升，农业国际竞争压力加大。在这种情况下，农业农村发展能够保持好局面，最根本的原因是中央政策对头、措施得力。我们确立了把解决好“三农”问题作为全党工作重中之重的战略思想，制定了工业反哺农业、城市支持农村和多予少取放活的指导方针，明确了在工业化城镇化深入发展中同步推进农业现代化、加快形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局的根本要求。我们提出了走中国特色农业现代化道路的基本方向，部署了加快发展现代农业、建设社会主义新农村的战略任务。我们积极调整国民收入分配格局和城乡利益关系，把基础设施建设和社会事业发展的重点转向农村，把国家财政新增教育、卫生、文化等事业经费和固定资产投资增量主要用于农村，让公共财政的阳光更多地照耀到农村。我们坚持不懈推进农村改革创新，在一些关键环节上取得了重大突破。这些年，我们集中力量，办了很多事关农业农村长远发展的大事、关系农民切身利益的好事，很多具有划时代和里程碑意义。
        　　Our hard-won achievements are the result of our enduring dedication to agricultural and rural initiatives. China has suffered from frequent natural disasters over recent years, especially droughts and floods. At the same time, we have also been confronted with problems such as the loss of arable land, the transfer of the rural labor force, rising agricultural production costs, and the increasing pressure of international competition in agriculture. In spite of these circumstances, however, China has been able to keep its agricultural and rural development steadily on track. The fundamental reason for this is that the central government has adopted the right policies and taken effective measures. At the strategic level, we have identified the resolution of problems in regard to agriculture, the countryside and rural residents as the number one priority in the agenda of the entire Party. On this basis, we have formulated the policies of nurturing agriculture through industry, supporting the countryside through urban initiatives, and increasing investment, relieving burdens, and loosening constraints. At the same time, we have also identified the fundamental requirement of promoting the modernization of agriculture in step with industrialization and urbanization and accelerating the integration of economic and social development in urban and rural areas. We have defined a path of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics as our basic approach, and outlined the strategic tasks of accelerating the development of modern agriculture and building a new socialist countryside. To accomplish these tasks, we have taken active steps to adjust national income distribution and balance the interests of urban and rural areas. The focus of infrastructure development and social programs has been shifted towards rural areas, and a major proportion of additional government investment in education, health, culture, and fixed assets has been allocated to rural areas, thereby allowing rural areas to benefit more from public finance. We have also made unremitting efforts to promote reform and innovation in rural areas, leading to major breakthroughs in certain key aspects. In recent years, we have focused our efforts on resolving issues affecting the long-term development of agriculture and rural areas as well as the immediate interests of rural residents. In many cases, these efforts have led to milestone achievements.
            
            

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        　　第一，取消农业税，调整国家和农民的分配关系。实行家庭承包经营制度后，农村分配关系有了很大调整，农民得到实惠明显增加，但仍然要缴纳农业税，还要承担许多维持基层运转和公共事业发展的费用，再加上各种乱收费乱罚款乱集资，农民负担沉重，由此引发的恶性案件和干群冲突时有发生。为从根本上解决这个问题，我们从2000年开始进行农村税费改革试点。通过正税清费、降低税率，2006年最终在全国取消农业税，延续了2600年的按地亩向农民征税的制度从此退出历史舞台，全国农民每年减轻负担1335亿元。为巩固农村税费改革成果，彻底跳出历史上农民负担循环往复、不断加重的“黄宗羲定律”，我们及时推进农村综合改革，带动了农村上层建筑的变革和进步。这一系列重大改革，理顺了国家、集体、农民的分配关系，开启了让农民休养生息的新时代。
        　　First, we have abolished agricultural taxes and adjusted the distribution between the government and rural residents. The introduction of household contract system led to significant adjustments in rural distribution, allowing rural residents to enjoy much greater tangible benefits. However, rural residents not only still had to pay agricultural tax, but also fees for the operation of local governments and the development of public programs. Moreover, rural burdens were made even heavier by various unwarranted charges, fines and funds-raising, often being the cause of malicious incidents and conflicts between cadres and the public at that time. In an effort to find a fundamental solution to this problem, the government began trials for the reform of the rural tax and fee system in the year 2000. These efforts began with the standardization of taxation, the streamlining of fees, and the lowering of tax rates, and culminated in the eventual abolishment of agricultural tax throughout China in 2006. This marked the end of agricultural taxation in China, a practice whose roots can be traced back 2,600 years. The total abolition of agricultural tax has exempted China’s rural residents from 133.5 billion yuan in tax payments per year. Building on the successful reform of rural taxes and fees, the government set out to break the cycle of the Huang Zongxi Law once and for all, which sees rural burdens increase in a perpetual cycle. To do this, we proceeded with the comprehensive reform of rural areas, which brought both change and progress to the rural superstructure. Through a series of major reforms, we were able to standardize the distribution between the government, collectives, and rural residents, thereby ushering in a phase of recuperation for the rural population to regain its strength.
第二，实行农业生产补贴，强化对农业的支持保护。我们实行了种粮农民直接补贴、良种补贴、农机具购置补贴和农资综合补贴，2011年中央财政用于“四补贴”的支出达到1406亿元。我们把补贴政策拓展到畜牧业、林业、草原、节水灌溉和农业保险等领域。实行粮油、生猪等生产大县财政奖励补助，2011年中央财政安排资金达到255亿元。这些政策，有效调动了农民和地方政府发展农业生产的积极性。
        　　Second, we have subsidized agricultural production and stepped up efforts to support and protect agriculture. We have granted direct subsidies for grain production, subsidies for planting superior seed varieties, subsidies for the purchase of farm machinery and tools, and general subsidies for agricultural supplies. The central government made 140.6 billion yuan in payouts for these four subsidies in 2011. In addition, we have extended the scope of subsidies to cover animal husbandry, the forestry industry, grasslands, water-conserving irrigation, and agricultural insurance. The government has also offered awards and subsidies for counties with high outputs of grain, cooking oil, and pigs. A total of 25.5 billion yuan in central budget expenditure was assigned for such awards and subsidies in 2011. These policies have motivated rural residents and local governments to participate actively in the development of agricultural production.
第三，全面放开粮食购销，迈出农产品市场化改革的决定性步伐。在主销区和产销平衡区先行放开的基础上，2004年我们果断决定全部放开粮食购销，实行最低收购价政策。这项改革，使所有农产品流通纳入了市场化运行的轨道，是社会主义市场经济体制改革的重大成果，为充分发挥市场在农业资源配置中的基础性作用、促进农业发展提供了制度保障。
        　　Third, we have liberalized the purchase and sale of grain, taking a decisive step towards the market-based trading of agricultural produce. After successful reform trials in major grain purchasing regions and regions where the production and sale of grain are balanced, we took resolute action to liberalize the purchase and sale of grain on a nationwide basis in 2004. This was complemented by the enforcement of a minimum purchase price policy. This reform subjected the circulation of all agricultural produce to market forces, representing a huge achievement in the development of the socialist market economy. Moreover, these policies ensured that the market could play a basic role in the allocation of agricultural resources, thereby promoting the development of agriculture.
第四，推进集体林权制度改革，调动农民造林护林积极性。2003年我们启动集体林权制度改革试点，将林地承包经营权和林木所有权落实到农户，实现“山定权、人定心、树定根”。2008年这项改革推向全国。集体林权制度改革将家庭承包经营从耕地拓展到林地，是对农村基本经营制度的丰富和完善，是调动亿万农民积极性、构建绿色生态屏障的重大举措。
        　　Fourth, we have reformed tenure in collective forests, encouraging rural residents to plant trees and protect forests. Trials for the reform of tenure in collective forests were launched in the year 2003. The trials, which granted rural households with rights to the operation of forestland and ownership over the trees therein, were successful in establishing rights to forestland, clarifying the ownership of trees, and putting the minds of the people at ease. Following successful trials, the reform of tenure in collective forests was implemented on a nationwide scale in 2008. By bringing forestland under the coverage of the household contract system, which had previously only applied to farmland, we were able to further enrich and enhance China’s basic system of rural operation. Furthermore, these reforms motivated millions of rural residents to participate actively in the building of an ecological barrier in China.
第五，改革农村义务教育经费保障机制，实现真正意义上的免费义务教育。我们从改革农村义务教育经费保障机制入手，逐步把教师工资、公用经费等支出纳入公共财政保障范围。我们先在贫困地区实行“两免一补”政策，并逐步将义务教育免费扩大到全国农村。最近我们又决定，在集中连片特困地区实施农村义务教育阶段学生营养改善计划。通过这些年的努力，我们在推动城乡义务教育均衡发展方面取得了重大进展，农村孩子都有学上、都能上得起学的目标已基本实现。
        　　Fifth, we have reformed mechanisms to guarantee the funding of compulsory education in rural areas, making compulsory education genuinely free in China. Starting out with the reform of mechanisms to guarantee the funding of compulsory education in rural areas, we have gradually expanded the scope of public finance to cover teacher salaries and public expenditure in schools. After exempting tuition fees, miscellaneous fees, and textbook fees for rural students in impoverished areas, and granting living allowances to boarding students from poor rural families, we took gradual steps to make compulsory education free for all rural students. Recently, we have decided to offer healthy meal subsidies to students receiving compulsory education in impoverished rural areas. Due to our efforts over recent years, great progress has been made in promoting the balanced development of compulsory education in urban and rural areas, and we have essentially attained our goal of ensuring that all rural children are able to attend and stay in school.
第六，建立健全农村社会保障制度，消除农民后顾之忧。实行新型农村合作医疗制度，着力解决农民看病难看病贵问题。建立农村最低生活保障制度，为农村生活困难人口提供兜底的基本生活保障。推动新型农村社会养老保险，促进农民养老方式实现重大转变。在短短几年时间内，基本建立起覆盖数亿农民的农村社会保障三项制度，几千年来中国农民“老有所养”、“病有所医”、“困有所济”的愿望正在实现。
        　　Sixth, we have strengthened the social safety net in rural areas to provide rural residents with a stronger sense of security. We have introduced a new rural cooperative medical care system with a view to addressing the high cost and difficulty of securing access to medical care in rural areas. We have established a basic living allowance system to guarantee that the basic needs of disadvantaged people in rural areas can be met. We have also promoted a new type of pension insurance for rural residents in order to change the way that rural residents provide for old age. In the space of just a few years, we have managed to bring hundreds of millions of rural residents under the coverage of these three social safety nets. For the first time ever, Chinese rural residents are now able to receive a pension in their old age, receive medical care when they are ill, and receive aid if they are poor.
第七，清除不合理政策和限制，公平对待农民工。改革开放以来，进城农民工为推进工业化城镇化作出了巨大贡献，但却长期没有受到公平对待，合法权益得不到有效保护。我们本着以人为本的理念，提出要善待农民工，2003年果断废止城市收容遣送条例，着手消除对农村劳动力合理流动、进城务工经商的束缚，大规模开展清理拖欠农民工工资行动，大力整治农民工劳动就业环境。2006年国务院出台解决农民工问题的文件，对做好农民工工作进行全面部署。近年来，农民工就业领域不断拓宽，工资水平逐步提高，随迁子女入学问题加快解决。在农民工问题上，从缺乏公平对待到善待、从限制进城到提供服务的根本性转变，是实现社会公平正义的重大进展。
        　　Seventh, we have eliminated unreasonable policies and restrictions so that rural migrant workers may receive fair treatment. Despite having made an enormous contribution to China’s industrialization and urbanization since the launch of the reform and opening up drive, rural migrant workers have long been subject to unfair treatment in the cities where they reside, and their legal rights and interests have failed to be effectively safeguarded. Adhering to the principle of putting people first, we advocated that rural migrant workers should be well treated. In 2003, we took resolute action to scrap measures regarding the handling of indigent migrants, and set out to remove restrictions on the flow of the rural labor force, making it easier for rural residents to seek employment and do business in cities. In addition, we engaged in a large-scale effort to urge the settlement of wages owed in arrears to rural migrant workers and improve their working conditions. In 2006, the State Council promulgated a document concerning the resolution of problems faced by rural migrant workers, outlining the overall arrangements for our initiatives in regard to rural migrant workers. In recent years, rural migrant workers have come to enjoy an increasingly wide range of options for employment. Not only have wage levels gradually gone up, but faster progress has also been made in the resolution of problems concerning the schooling of their children in cities. Where rural migrants were once treated unequally, they are now entitled to fair treatment, and where they were once restricted from entering cites, they are now eligible to benefit from public services. These fundamental changes represent a major advance towards social equality and justice.
经过这些年的不懈努力，我们不仅创造了巨大的物质财富，推动了农村发展进步，而且取得了丰硕的“三农”理论成果，积累了解决“三农”问题的宝贵经验，初步形成了强农惠农富农的政策体系，基本建立起符合统筹城乡发展要求的制度框架，进一步探索和拓宽了适合我国国情的农业农村发展道路。
        　　Owing to our unremitting efforts over recent years, we have not only created vast material wealth and promoted the development and progress of rural areas, but have also made significant theoretical achievements and accumulated a wealth of valuable experience in regard to resolving problems concerning agriculture, rural residents and rural areas. On this basis, we have formulated an initial group of policies to strengthen agriculture, benefit rural residents, and allow people in rural areas to prosper, established a basic framework of institutions geared towards balancing the development of urban and rural areas, and progressively expanded an approach to agricultural and rural development that is suited to China’s national conditions.
            
            

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        　　二、准确把握农业农村发展中的几个重大问题
        　　II. Major issues concerning agricultural and rural development
当前和今后一个时期，我国仍将处于工业化城镇化快速发展阶段。遵循经济社会发展规律，立足我国基本国情农情，同步推进工业化城镇化和农业现代化，建设社会主义新农村，是关系改革开放和现代化建设全局的重大任务。我一直在思考这些问题。这里，我谈点认识与想法。
        　　China will continue to undergo a rapid process of industrialization and urbanization for a period of time to come. Therefore, our main task should be to synchronize the modernization of agriculture with industrialization and urbanization and develop a new socialist countryside in accordance with the rules of economic and social development and the fundamental realities of China and its rural areas. This is a major task that will have a bearing on China’s overall modernization and the reform and opening up drive. I have given much thought to this subject, and would like to take this opportunity to talk about some of my thoughts.
（一）关于发展现代农业
        　　1. The development of modern agriculture
对我们这样一个人口众多的大国来说，立足国内解决粮食和主要农产品供给问题，始终是治国安邦的头等大事。在推进工业化城镇化的进程中绝不可忽视农业现代化。综合分析各方面情况，今后保持农产品供求平衡的任务将更加艰巨。一方面，人口总量将继续增长，城镇化率和城乡居民消费水平将不断提高，农产品的工业用途不断拓宽，全社会对农产品需求会持续增长、质量安全要求不断提升。另一方面，耕地和水资源紧缺、农业生产成本上涨、青壮年劳动力减少、环境污染和生态退化等问题突出，农业稳定发展的难度越来越大。同时，国际上农业丰歉、石油价格涨跌、投机资本炒作、货币汇率波动等对我国农产品市场供求和价格产生明显影响。促进农业发展、保障粮食等农产品供给决非易事，根本出路在于加快推进现代农业建设，不断提高农业综合生产能力。
        　　As a country with a large population, self-sufficiency in the supply of grain and other major farm produce will always be the first priority of national governance and security. For this reason, we cannot neglect the modernization of agriculture as we push forward industrialization and urbanization. Various factors indicate that we will face an even greater challenge in balancing the supply and demand of agricultural produce in the future. On one hand, China’s population will continue to grow, the rate of urbanization and levels of consumption among urban and rural residents will constantly rise, and agricultural produce will be used more widely by industry. These trends will drive up the aggregate demand for farm produce, and lead to higher expectations regarding the quality and safety of produce. On the other hand, the stable development of agriculture will be increasingly threatened by shortages of farmland and water, the increasing cost of agricultural production, the decline of the young labor force, environmental pollution, and ecological degradation. At the same time, the supply, demand, and prices of farm produce in our market are strongly influenced by worldwide farm output, changes in the price of oil, capital speculation, and exchange rate fluctuations. Promoting agricultural development and ensuring the supply of grain and other farm produce are no easy task. The only fundamental solution is to accelerate the development of modern agriculture and continually enhance our comprehensive production capacity in agriculture.
一是坚持实行最严格的耕地保护和水资源管理制度。这些年我们在保护耕地方面态度坚决、措施严厉，但耕地每年仍以几百万亩的速度被占用。今后一个时期，随着工业化城镇化的推进，保护耕地面临的压力会更大，必须坚决实行最严格的耕地保护制度和最严格的节约用地制度。在这个事关民族生存发展、子孙后代长远生计的问题上，没有任何讨价还价的余地。要总结一些地方建立耕地保护补偿制度、加强耕地质量建设的成功经验，加快建立健全耕地保护和建设的长效机制。同时，加大中低产田改造力度，不断提高高标准农田比重。我国是一个淡水资源稀缺的国家，今后缺水问题会更加突出。中央已对加强水利改革发展作出了全面部署，要认真落实各项措施，严格实行用水总量控制、用水效率控制、水功能区限制纳污制度，突出加强农田水利等薄弱环节建设，大力发展节水农业，着力破除水资源紧缺对农业发展的制约。
        　　First, we must persist in implementing the strictest possible farmland protection and water resource management systems. Over recent years, we have resolutely and strictly implemented a series of measures to protect arable land. Despite this, however, hundreds of thousands of hectares of farmland are still appropriated for nonagricultural purposes every year. As industrialization and urbanization continue, we will face increasing pressure in the protection of arable land in the period ahead. Thus, we must continue to implement the strictest possible system of arable land protection and conservancy. This is vital to the survival and development of the nation and the long-term livelihood of our future generations, so there can be no compromise. We should learn from the successful practices of some local governments in establishing compensation systems for farmland protection and improving the quality of arable land, so that we can accelerate the establishment of a long-term mechanism for the protection and development of farmland. At the same time, we should step up efforts to upgrade low and medium-yield farmland and increase the proportion of high-yield arable land. China faces a shortage of fresh water resources, and this shortage is set to become more severe in the future. The central government has made overall arrangements for reform and development initiatives concerning water conservancy, and all local governments must thoroughly implement the policies of the central government. Governments at all levels must strictly control total water consumption and water efficiency, and limit the total amount of water pollutants that drain into different water function areas. Moreover, we should focus on improving weak links such as the construction of farmland irrigation facilities. By engaging in a major effort to develop water-saving irrigation, we will strive to overcome the constraints that water shortages have on our agricultural development.
二是毫不动摇地稳定和完善农村基本经营制度。以家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制，是农村的基本经营制度。对这项制度，我们历来讲两句话。讲稳定，是因为这项制度适应社会主义市场经济体制、符合农业生产特点、符合农民群众愿望，是党的农村政策的基石。讲完善，是因为农业生产力在发展，农业生产关系必须不断地与之相适应。实际上我们一直在完善这项制度。从收入分配看，开始是“交够国家的、留足集体的，剩下全是自己的”，现在全都由农民自己支配。从承包期限看，第一轮是15年不变，第二轮延长为30年不变，现在又进一步明确为长久不变。从统分结合的关系看，过去的“统”单纯靠村组集体，现在靠农民合作和多元化、多层次、多形式的经营服务体系。但在工业化城镇化快速推进的背景下，农业发展也面临新的挑战，主要是随着农村劳动力持续向外转移，一些地方农忙季节缺人手问题越来越突出、务农劳动力老龄化越来越明显、农业兼业化副业化越来越普遍。“谁来种地”、“地怎么种”，日益成为我们必须面对和解决好的重大问题。解决这些问题，要把握好三点：第一，大力发展农民专业合作社和各种农业社会化服务组织，为农户提供低成本、便利化的生产经营服务。第二，按照依法自愿有偿原则，鼓励和引导农户流转土地承包经营权，发展专业大户、家庭农场等多种形式的适度规模经营。将来农业经营形式会多样化，但家庭经营任何时候都是最基本的形式。国家鼓励工商企业为农户提供产前、产中、产后服务，不提倡工商企业大面积、长时间直接租种农户的土地。第三，推进农业现代化和规模化，需要培养一代新型农民。要加快发展农村职业教育，鼓励有文化和农业技能的青壮年农民留在农村。这件事关系农业长远发展，要作为一项基础性重大工程来抓。
        　　Second, we must take unswerving measures to stabilize and improve the basic operation system in rural areas. Our two-tier management system of agriculture based on household contract system and a combination of unified management with independent operation represents our fundamental system for rural operation. We have remained committed to two principles whilst developing this system. The first principle is stability. Stability is important because this system is not only suited to the socialist market economy, but also accords with the characteristics of agricultural production and the will of rural residents, acting as the cornerstone of the Party’s rural policies. The second principle is constant improvement. As agricultural productive forces continue to develop, agricultural production relations must keep up with them. In fact, we have made constant efforts to improve this system. For example, in terms of income distribution, income from farming used to be divided between the government, collectives, and farmers, but now farmers can retain all of their income from farming. On the other hand, the first term for household farmland contracts was 15 years, the second term was extended to 30 years, and now we have made it clear that these contracts are permanent. As for the relationship between unified management and independent operation, in the past the only form of unified management was village collectives. However, unified management now includes cooperation between rural residents and a diverse, multi-faceted system for operation and services. However, as industrialization and urbanization progress rapidly, we are now beginning to face new challenges in agricultural development. With the constant transfer of the rural labor force to cities, some rural areas are experiencing labor shortages during the busy farming season. At the same time, the rural labor force is showing clear signs of ageing, and farming as a part-time profession is becoming increasingly common. As this occurs, we will face an increasingly serious problem of who will farm and how they will farm. To solve these problems, we should maintain a solid grasp of three aspects. First, we should devote major efforts to developing specialized farmer cooperatives and a variety of organizations to provide services for agriculture, so as to provide rural households with low-cost and convenient services to support their production and operation. Second, we should encourage rural households to transfer contracted land-use rights legally, willingly, and in exchange for compensation, and use this as a means of developing various forms of moderately large-scale operation in agriculture, including large farming households and family farms. Though we will see increasingly diverse forms of operation in the future, the most fundamental form will always be household operation. The government encourages industrial and commercial enterprises to provide rural households with services before, during, and after the production process, but does not advocate the leasing of large areas of farmland from households for cultivation on a long-term basis. Third, we must promote modernization and large-scale production in agriculture. To do this, we need to foster a new breed of farmers. We need to develop vocational education in rural areas and encourage young and middle-aged farmers who are well educated and skilled to stay in rural areas. This is vital to the long-term development of agriculture, and therefore must be approached as a fundamental task.
三是坚持不懈地推进农业科技进步。我国农业发展到今天，已经到了更加依靠科技突破资源环境约束、实现持续稳定发展的新阶段，必须把农业科技摆上更突出的位置。要大力增强农业科技创新能力，加强农业基础性、前沿性科学研究，抓好生物技术特别是优良品种培育，抢占农业高技术领域的制高点。加快科研体制改革，推动资源整合，着力解决科技创新和农业生产脱节的问题。加强农技推广体系建设，稳定和强化基层公益性农技推广机构，加快发展社会化农技服务组织，着力解决“最后一公里”问题。积极发展现代种业，加快培育一批育繁推一体化的大型种子企业。适应农村劳动力结构出现的新变化，积极发展农机装备业，加大农机具购置补贴力度，全面提高农业机械化水平。
        　　Third, we must remain committed to promoting the advance of agricultural technology. The development of agriculture in China has now reached the stage where we are becoming more reliant on the application of science and technology to overcome environmental and resource constraints and realize sustained and stable development. Therefore, greater emphasis must be given to science and technology in agriculture. We should devote major efforts to strengthening our capacity for technological innovation in agriculture, increase support for research into cutting-edge and foundation agricultural technologies, develop biotechnologies, and place a particular emphasis on the cultivation of superior crop varieties so as to ensure that we are able to seize the high ground in the development of advanced agricultural technologies. We should accelerate the reform of the scientific research system and promote the integration of resources in order to effectively address the problem of technological innovation being divorced from agricultural production. We should strengthen the development of the agricultural technology extension system, promote the steady and robust development of public agricultural technology extension institutions at local levels, and step up our efforts to encourage various sectors of society to provide services related to agricultural technology. By doing do, we will be able to overcome the final obstacle preventing us from placing agricultural technologies in the hands of farmers. We should actively develop a modern seed cultivation industry and accelerate the development of large-scale seed enterprises that integrate the cultivation, reproduction, and distribution of seeds. We should energetically develop the farming machinery and equipment industry, increase subsidies for the purchase of farm machinery and tools, and advance the level of agricultural mechanization in accordance with the changes that have taken place in the structure of the rural labor force.
            
            

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        　　四是持续加大农业支持保护力度。建设现代农业离不开国家的支持保护。这与工业化城镇化进程中农业比较效益低、容易出现萎缩有关，也与农业承载多种功能、在经济社会发展中始终具有不可替代的基础作用有关。我国农业已进入高成本时期，既要保障农民的经济利益、调动他们的生产积极性，又要考虑城镇中低收入者的承受能力，不断加大农业补贴力度是一项长期政策。要继续加大财政支出、国家固定资产投资、土地出让收益和信贷资金对农业的投入。
        　　Fourth, we should continue to step up our efforts to support and protect agriculture. The development of modern agriculture will not be possible without the support and protection of the government. This is because under the backdrop of urbanization and industrialization, the comparatively low profitability of agriculture can easily lead to the decline of agriculture. Moreover, government support is also necessary because agriculture performs a number of functions, playing a fundamental role in economic and social development that cannot be replaced. China’s agriculture has entered a period of high operating costs. During this period, not only must we safeguard the economic interests of rural residents and motivate them to engage in production, but at the same time, we must also consider the capacity for medium and low earning urban residents to cope with rising costs. Therefore, we must identify the constant increase of agricultural subsidies as a long-term policy. In addition, we should continue to increase investment in agriculture using government spending, state fixed assets investment, income from the transfer of land, and credit funds.
加入世界贸易组织10年来，我国劳动密集型农产品出口快速增长，部分土地密集型农产品进口增加较多，总体上反映了我国人多地少水缺的资源禀赋特征。适度进口结构性短缺农产品，对缓解国内资源紧缺矛盾、保障市场供给是必要的，但必须把握好“度”。对于我们这样一个有着十几亿人口的大国来说，立足国内基本解决吃饭问题的方针绝不能动摇。今后农业对外开放的广度和深度还会进一步拓展。这要求我们进一步提高统筹利用国际国内两个市场、两种资源的能力，完善农产品进出口战略规划和调控机制，从长计议，趋利避害，争取主动。
        　　Since China’s entry into the WTO a decade ago, in addition to rapid increases in the export of labor-intensive farm produce, there have also been considerable increases in the import of certain varieties of land intensive farm produce, a trend which is illustrative of China’s large population and its shortages of land and water. Within moderation, the import of varieties of agricultural produce in short supply will allow us to mitigate resource shortages and ensure market supply in China. However, the quantity of such imports should be kept at a rational level. As a nation with a population of over one billion people, we must adhere to the principle of relying on ourselves to feed our population. As our agricultural sector becomes more open to the outside world, we will be required to further enhance our capacity to make coordinated use of domestic and foreign markets and domestic and foreign resources. By enhancing our strategic planning and the mechanisms we employ to regulate the import and export of farm produce, we should plan ahead, make the best use of favorable conditions, avoid risks, and seize the initiative.
        　　（二）关于新农村建设
        　　2. The development of a new countryside
中央作出社会主义新农村建设部署以来，各地积极探索，扎实工作，取得了明显成效。但必须清醒看到，我国最大的发展差距仍然是城乡差距，最大的结构性问题仍然是城乡二元结构。城镇化的快速发展，为解决好“三农”问题创造了有利条件，但并不会自然带来农村面貌的较快改变，搞不好城乡差距还会继续扩大。同时还要看到，我国人口总规模巨大，即使今后城镇化水平大幅提高，仍将有数亿人生活在农村，必须让他们也过上现代文明生活。这就是我们一再强调要统筹城乡发展，一手抓城镇化一手抓新农村建设的基本考虑。必须强调，城镇化不可能取代新农村建设，城镇与农村在经济社会生活中的功能性差别不可能、也不应该被消除。不能把城镇建设的做法简单地套用到农村建设中去，不能把城镇的居民小区照搬到农村去、赶农民上楼。农村建设还是应该保持农村的特点，有利于农民生产生活，保持田园风光和良好生态环境。要统筹经济和社会发展，满足农民日益增长的物质、文化需求，建设好农民幸福生活的美好家园。
        　　In accordance with the arrangements of the central government, local governments have made active and pragmatic efforts to develop a new countryside and thus achieved remarkable progress. However, we must be fully aware that the gap between urban and rural areas is still the broadest developmental gap we face, and that the urban-rural dual structure is the most serious structural problem in China. Rapid urbanization has created sound conditions for the resolution of problems concerning agriculture, rural residents and rural areas in China. Despite this, however, rapid urbanization will not automatically bring rapid change to rural areas, and in a worst case scenario, could even widen the gap between urban and rural areas. At the same time, we must also be aware that China will still have hundreds of millions of rural residents even after the country has achieved a high level of urbanization, which is due to the huge size of its population. We must ensure that these residents are able to enjoy modern and civilized lifestyles. This is why we frequently emphasize the need to balance the development of urban and rural areas and build a new countryside whilst promoting urbanization. It must be emphasized that urbanization is not an alternative to the development of a new countryside. At the same time, the differences in economic and social functions that set urban areas aside from rural areas cannot and should not be discarded. We should not indiscriminately apply our methods in urban development to rural development, nor should we establish the same residential districts in rural areas that we have done in urban areas, thus forcing rural residents to move into apartment buildings. Rural areas should be developed in a way that preserves rural characteristics. This development should be conducive to improving the working and living conditions of rural residents, keeping rural scenery intact, and preserving sound ecological environments. In addition, we should balance economic and social development, satisfy the constantly rising material and cultural demands of rural residents, and create ideal homes for our rural population.
一是持续改善农村基础设施。要切实提高规划的科学性、前瞻性，充分考虑今后农村人口布局的变化趋势，注重各类基础设施之间的衔接配套，充分发挥整体和长远效益。要坚持循序渐进，逐步提高水平。农村基础设施建设是一个动态的过程，不可能一劳永逸，并且随着经济社会发展，农民的要求会不断提高，建设内容要不断拓展，标准也要不断提升。要坚持建管并重，积极探索管理、运营的新机制，降低使用成本，让已建成的设施持久发挥作用。要多渠道增加投入，在调动农民积极性的同时，更加注重发挥公共财政的作用，长期坚持把国家基础设施建设的重点放到农村。加强对村庄规划和农村建房的指导，提高农村民居的设计和建设水平。
        　　First, we should improve rural infrastructure on a constant basis. We should formulate plans that are more scientific and more oriented towards the future, fully consider trends in the distribution of the rural population, and pay attention to the integration of various infrastructures, with a view to optimizing their overall and long-term effects. We should improve rural infrastructure on a step-by-step basis. The construction of rural infrastructure is an ongoing process that cannot be completed in a single effort. Moreover, as the economy and society continue to develop, the requirements of rural residents will constantly increase. To meet these increasing requirements, we must continue to expand the range of the infrastructure that we construct and enhance the standards to which they are built. Equal emphasis should be placed on the construction and management of infrastructure. We should work actively to establish new mechanisms for the management and operation of infrastructure so as to reduce operational costs. By doing so, we shall ensure that pre-established infrastructure is able to play a long-term role. Funds should be raised through various channels. In addition to mobilizing rural residents, we should emphasize the role of public finance and identify the construction of rural infrastructure as our long-term priority in the construction of national infrastructure. We should step up efforts to oversee village planning and residential construction in rural areas, thereby enhancing the design and construction standard of residential houses in rural areas.
二是提高农村社会事业发展水平。要把加强农村义务教育放在整个教育的优先位置，紧紧抓住提高农村义务教育质量这个核心，加大经费保障力度，下大力气改善办学条件，扩大免费师范生计划，尽快培养一大批教学水平高、有志于农村教育事业的优秀教师，让农村孩子能够共享优质教育资源。要进一步巩固和发展新型农村合作医疗制度，充实农村医生队伍，推动优质卫生资源向农村覆盖。要加强农村公共文化服务体系建设，开展适合农村特点的文化活动，满足农民日益增长的精神文化需求。
        　　Second, we should further develop social programs in rural areas. The priority of all our initiatives in education should be to improve compulsory education in rural areas. With a view to improving the quality of rural compulsory education, we should step up efforts to ensure sufficient funding for schools in rural areas, devote major efforts to improving conditions in schools, implement the plan to provide free education to students studying in teachers’ colleges on a larger scale, and rapidly foster a large contingent of excellent teachers who are professionally capable and devoted to rural education. These efforts will ensure that children in rural areas are able to enjoy high quality educational resources. We should further consolidate and develop the new rural cooperative medical care system, bolster our contingent of physicians in rural areas, and direct high quality health care resources towards rural areas. We should improve public service networks for culture in rural areas and launch cultural activities according to rural characteristics, so as to satisfy the constantly rising non-material and cultural demands of rural residents.
三是促进城乡社会保障一体化发展。我们已经按保基本、广覆盖、有弹性、可持续原则，搭建起农村社会保障制度框架。但要看到，农村社会保障在执行中还存在不少有待改进的地方，保障水平与城镇也有很大差距。今后一个时期，农村社会保障总的方向是完善制度、提高水平、逐步并轨。完善制度，就是要针对实践中暴露出的问题对现行政策和办法进行修订完善。提高水平，就是要加大对农村社会保障的支持，使保障水平能够随着经济发展相应提高。逐步并轨，就是要在城乡社会保障制度设计上协调一致，逐步缩小保障水平上的差距，最终迈向城乡一体化。
        　　Third, we should promote the integration of urban and rural social safety nets. We have established the framework for a social safety net in rural areas that guarantees basic needs, provides broad coverage, and is flexible and sustainable. However, there are still many problems to be resolved in the implementation of safety net policies in rural areas, and there is still a significant gap in the levels of assurance between rural and urban areas. Therefore, for a period of time to come, our general approach to social safety nets in rural areas will be to improve systems, raise standards, and gradually bring rural systems in line with urban systems. To improve systems, we must revise and improve our current policies and methods in response to the major problems that we have encountered during the process of implementation. To raise standards, we must provide social safety nets in rural areas with greater support, thereby ensuring that they can advance in step with economic growth. To gradually integrate social safety nets, we should coordinate the design of safety net systems in urban and rural areas, and gradually close the gap in standards between urban and rural areas. This way, we will move a step closer to the eventual integration of social safety nets in urban and rural areas.
            
            

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        　　（三）关于城镇化
        　　3. Urbanization
城镇化是经济社会发展的必然趋势，也是现代化的重要标志。30多年来，城镇常住人口增加了5亿人，其中有相当数量是进城的农民工。大规模的人口迁徙，史无前例，世所罕见，既改变了亿万农民的命运，更为经济发展注入了强大动力。需要注意的是，推进城镇化涉及面广、政策性强，对存在的问题要有清醒认识，对今后可能遇到的矛盾、困难甚至风险要有充分估计。这里，我强调三点：
        　　Urbanization is an inevitable trend of economic and social development and an important indicator of modernization. Over the past 30 years, China’s permanent urban population has increased by 500 million, which is largely accountable to rural migrant workers. This mass movement of the population, totally unprecedented in scale, has not only changed the lives of millions of rural residents, but has also injected powerful vigor into China’s economic development. However, urbanization involves various social sectors and has a strong policy orientation, so we must be aware of the problems that we are currently facing, and fully evaluate the potential conflicts, difficulties and risks that we may encounter in the future. We should place emphasis on the following three areas:
第一，把促进人口城镇化作为重要任务。近些年来，城镇建设日新月异，规模迅速扩大，人口明显增加。但进入城镇的农民工，绝大多数还只是有就业而难以安家。这显然不符合大多数农民工尤其是新生代农民工的愿望，但要使进城农民工真正成为城镇居民，绝不是改变一下户籍那么简单。如何促进人口城镇化，至少有这样两个关系长远的重大问题必须考虑：一要合理引导人口的流向。大量农民工向少数大城市、特大城市和沿海发达地区集中，极大地推动了这些地方的经济增长，但同时也提高了这些地方人口城镇化的成本，甚至超越了这些地方资源环境的承载能力。我国是世界上人口最多的国家，不可能只靠几个城市圈和少数经济发达地区来完成规模巨大的人口城镇化。因此，必须一方面采取措施让具备条件的农民工在就业所在地逐步安家落户，另一方面，加快调整地区生产力布局，引导产业向内地、向中小城市和小城镇转移，让更多农民就地就近转移就业。这既是促进人口城镇化的重大举措，也是转变经济发展方式、调整经济结构、实现区域经济协调发展的重大任务。二要充分考虑农村转移人口的当前利益和长远生计。土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权、集体收益分配权等，是法律赋予农民的财产权利，无论他们是否还需要以此来作基本保障，也无论他们是留在农村还是进入城镇，任何人都无权剥夺。在任何情况下都要尊重和保护农民以土地为核心的财产权利，应当让他们带着这些权利进城，也可以按照依法自愿有偿的原则，由他们自主流转或处置这些权利。对暂未落户城镇的农民工，要注重从制度上促进基本公共服务全覆盖和均等化，努力解决他们在劳动报酬、子女就学、公共卫生、住房租购、社会保障等方面的实际问题。
        　　First, we should regard the urbanization of the population as a major task. In recent years, China’s cities and towns have changed with each passing day, expanding at an extremely rapid pace. Moreover, the urban population has also grown by a significant margin. However, though most rural migrant workers are able to find jobs in cities, there are still many difficulties that prevent them from settling down in cities and towns. This reality goes against the will of most rural migrant workers, and especially the new generation of migrant workers. However, the assimilation of eligible rural migrant workers as permanent urban residents cannot be achieved by simply transferring their household registers. In our effort to promote population urbanization, there are two far-reaching problems that we must take into consideration. First, we should properly direct the transfer of the population. Large numbers of rural migrant workers have flooded into large cities, super-large cities and developed coastal areas. While this has promoted economic development, it has also increased the cost of population urbanization in these areas, even exceeding the capacity of local resources and environments. As the most populous country in the world, China cannot achieve population urbanization for such a huge population by relying on several city clusters and economically developed regions alone. Therefore, on one hand, we must take measures to accommodate eligible rural migrant workers as permanent residents in cities and towns. On the other hand, we should rearrange the layout of our productive forces at a faster pace to channel industries into inland areas as well as small and medium-sized cities and small towns, so that rural residents are able to seek employment in local cities. These are both major measures to promote population urbanization, and major aspects of our efforts to transform the pattern of economic development, adjust the structure of the economy, and balance the economic development of different regions. Second, we must consider the immediate interests and long-term livelihood of rural migrant workers that move into cities and towns. Contracted land use rights, residential land use rights, and the right to enjoy collective interests are property rights granted to rural residents by law. No one has the right to deprive rural residents of these rights, regardless of whether they stay in rural areas or move to urban areas, or whether they actually rely on these rights as a basic assurance or not. We should respect and safeguard the land-based property rights of rural residents under all circumstances. Rural residents should be allowed to retain these rights even after they have moved into cities. Alternatively, they may transfer these rights legally at their own free will and in exchange for compensation. With regard to rural migrant workers who are unable to become urban residents in the short term, we must attach importance to promoting universal coverage and standards in the provision of basic public services through institutional means in our effort to address the actual problems that these people face in regard to the payment of wages, the schooling of their children, public health, the rental and purchase of property, and social safety nets.
第二，推进征地制度改革。现行征地制度是历史的产物，在我国工业化城镇化发展过程中发挥了重要作用。但也带来人口城镇化明显滞后于土地城镇化的矛盾，以及对农民土地财产权利保护不够和建设用地粗放等问题，特别是一些地方以农村土地属集体所有为名，不与农民沟通、协商就强占和乱占农户的承包地，损害农民的合法权益。对此，农民很有意见，社会反响强烈。加快修改土地管理法、推进集体土地征收制度改革，这是一件大事，一头连着农民利益，一头连着工业和城镇建设。应该看到，我国经济发展水平有了很大提高，不能再靠牺牲农民土地财产权利降低工业化城镇化成本，有必要、也有条件大幅度提高农民在土地增值收益中的分配比例。《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》体现的立法理念、对一些重大问题的处理，原则上也适用于征地制度改革。当然，后者更加复杂。要使被征地农民生活水平有提高、长远生计有保障，必须按照有利于保护农民利益和节约集约用地的原则，精心设计征地制度改革方案，广泛听取社会意见，加快开展相关工作。本届政府要出台这项改革的相应法规。
        　　Second, we must promote the reform of the land requisition system. The current land requisition system is a product of history, having played an important role in China’s industrialization and urbanization. However, this system has also caused the rate of population urbanization lagging behind the rate of land urbanization in China. In addition, it has also been the cause of insufficient protection over the land property rights of rural residents as well as the excessive provision of construction land. In particular, some local governments have used the collective ownership of rural land as a pretext to occupy the contracted land of rural residents without engaging in prior communication or negotiation with the residents involved. This has damaged the legal rights of rural residents, leading to public dissatisfaction and a strong social backlash. We must accelerate our efforts to revise the Land Administration Law and reform the system for the requisition of collectively-owned land. This is vital to both the interests of rural residents and our industrial and urban development. We should recognize that our country’s level of economic development has already risen by a considerable margin and we can no longer sacrifice farmers’ land property rights for the sake of lowering the costs of industrialization and urbanization. We are now in the position to significantly increase the proportion of land value gains that is distributed to farmers, and this is something that we must do. In principle, the ideas embodied in the Regulations on the Expropriation of Buildings on State-Owned Land and Compensation, as well as the means by which these regulations are used to handle certain major issues, can be applied to the reform of the land requisition system. That said, however, the reform of the latter is a much more complicated issue. We must carefully formulate plans for reform, listen to the opinions and suggestions of the public on a wide scale, and accelerate relevant initiatives in line with the principles of safeguarding the interests of rural residents and conserving and intensifying the use of land. By doing so, we can increase the living standards of rural residents whose land has been expropriated, and ensure their long-term livelihood. The current government will issue laws and regulations pertaining to these reforms.
第三，妥善解决农村“三留守”问题。农村留守儿童、妇女、老人问题，是很多国家在城镇化过程中都出现过的普遍现象，但在我国显得更为突出。由于农民工就业不稳定、城镇生活成本高以及户籍制度等多种原因，很多农民短期内难以举家进城。近年来，涉及“三留守”的伤亡事故、权益侵害等时有发生，令人痛心疾首。当前，要抓紧研究制定相关政策措施。对留守儿童，要切实保障他们的人身安全和接受义务教育的权利，给予更多的关心关爱，使他们健康快乐成长。对留守妇女，要通过多种途径帮助她们解决实际困难，丰富精神文化生活，让她们生活安定、心情舒畅。对留守老人，要在提供新型农村社会养老保险的基础上，发展适合农村特点的老龄服务体系，建立健全农村老年社会福利和社会救助制度，让他们能够安度晚年。彻底解决“三留守”问题，特别是留守儿童、妇女问题，根本出路在于实现农业的现代化和在城镇化中逐步解决进城农民户籍问题。这是一个长期的过程，但要积极创造条件加以推进。
        　　Third, we must properly resolve problems concerning the children, women and aged people who stay behind in rural areas while their relatives enter cities in search of work. This is a problem that has been experienced by many countries during the course of their urbanization, but it is particularly prominent in China. There are various reasons why many migrant workers are unable to move their entire families into cities in the short term, such as the unpredictability of their jobs, the high cost of living in cities, and the system of household registers. In recent years, there have been frequent accidents and infringements of rights involving people that have been left behind in rural areas. This made us deeply distressed. Therefore, we must step up our efforts to formulate relevant policies and measures. We must ensure the safety of children left behind in rural areas, safeguard their right to receive compulsory education, and ensure that they receive more love and care, so that they may live healthy and happy lives. In regard to women that stay behind in rural areas, we should help them to resolve their practical difficulties by various means, and work to enrich their non-material and cultural lives, so that they can live stable and happy lives. As for aged people left unattended in rural areas, in addition to incorporating them into the new rural pension insurance system, we should also develop a service system that accords with rural characteristics, and improve social welfare systems and social assistance systems for them. By doing so, we will ensure that elderly residents are able to spend their later years in ease and comfort. The fundamental solution to problems concerning people staying behind in rural areas, especially women and children, is to realize the modernization of agriculture and gradually address the issue of household registers for rural migrant workers during the course of urbanization. Though this will be a long-term process, we should actively create the conditions for progress to be made.
            
            

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        　　三、努力确保2012年农业农村发展好势头
        　　III. Ensuring positive trends in agricultural and rural development in 2012
当前，宏观调控面临的形势复杂严峻，特别是经济增长下行压力和物价上涨压力并存，做好农业农村工作具有特殊重要的意义。对2012年的农业生产，特别是粮食生产，各地区各部门务必高度重视，并采取切实有效措施，真正做到思想不麻痹、政策不减弱、工作不松懈、投入有增加，确保农业再夺丰收。
        　　At present, we are facing complex and serious challenges in the macro-regulation of the economy. In particular, we are coming under the combined pressure of a slowdown in economic growth and rising goods prices. Under such circumstances, it is of specific importance that we deliver a good performance in our initiatives concerning agriculture and rural areas. Governments and departments at all levels must attach great importance to agricultural production in 2012, especially grain production. In order to ensure a good harvest this year, we should take effective measures to remain alert, stay focused on policies, keep up work initiatives, and increase investment.
一要抓好粮食和农业生产。继续提高粮食最低收购价，加大粮食生产补贴力度，鼓励和引导农民稳定粮食播种面积。大力推广农业技术，特别是防灾减灾、稳产高产技术，深入开展粮棉油糖高产创建活动，着力提高单产水平。继续实施新增千亿斤粮食生产能力规划，加快提升800个产粮大县（市、区、场）生产能力。深入开展粮食稳定增产行动，整合强化各方面政策，有效调动农民、地方政府和农业科技人员“三个积极性”。积极扶持蔬菜、生猪和牛羊肉等“菜篮子”产品生产，切实抓好农产品质量安全监管，销区和大城市郊区要保持必要的生产能力。
        　　First, we must devote efforts to grain production and agricultural production. We should continue to raise minimum grain purchase prices and increase subsidies for grain production in order to motivate farmers and keep our current crop acreage steady. We should spread the use of agricultural technologies, especially technologies used to prevent and mitigate natural disasters and technologies to stabilize and increase production. Moreover, we should launch a campaign to achieve high yields in the output of grain, cotton, cooking oil, and sugar, and thereby increase our output per unit area. We will continue to implement the plan to increase grain production capacity by 50 million tons, and boost the production capacity of 800 counties, cities, districts, and farms with high grain yields. We should carry out an in-depth campaign to steadily increase grain yields, integrate and intensify various policies, and effectively unleash the enthusiasm of rural residents, local governments and agricultural technological personnel. We should actively bolster the production of non-staple foods such as vegetables, pork, beef, and mutton, and devote efforts to the supervision of the quality and safety of farm produce. In addition, we must ensure that purchasing regions and the rural districts that surround major cities maintain the necessary production capacity.
二要加强农产品流通和市场调控。统筹规划全国农产品流通设施布局，加快全国性、区域性骨干批发市场建设和改造，推进大宗农产品仓储物流设施建设，扶持农民专业合作社和种养大户建设产地仓储保鲜设施。加强农产品供求的信息服务，加快推进生产与消费对接，支持发展直供直销，清理农产品流通环节各种收费，有效降低流通成本。加强农产品市场调控，进一步完善重要农产品临时收储办法，健全粮棉油糖等农产品储备制度。加强农产品进出口调控，降低国际市场波动对国内市场的影响。
        　　Second, we should focus efforts on the circulation of agricultural produce and market regulation. We should formulate master plans for the layout of the facilities for the circulation of agricultural produce nationwide. We need to build and upgrade major nationwide and regional wholesale markets, develop facilities for the storage and distribution of bulk agricultural produce, and help specialized farmer cooperatives and large farming or breeding households to build facilities for the storage of produce. We should provide farmers with more information concerning the supply and demand of agricultural produce, promote the link between production and consumption, and support the development of direct supply and purchase between farmers and consumers. In addition, we should streamline various fees collected during the circulation of agricultural produce, so as to effectively lower circulation costs. On the other hand, we should strengthen the regulation of the agricultural produce market, further improve measures concerning the temporary purchase and storage of major agricultural produce, and improve the system for the stockpiling of grain, cotton, cooking oil, and sugar. We should strengthen regulation of the import and export of farm produce, thereby bolstering the immunity of the domestic market to fluctuations in the international market.
三要加大投入力度。现在需要财政花钱的地方很多，支出压力很大，我们宁愿少上点建设项目、压缩些其他方面开支，也要确保“三农”投入。突出重点，加大对主产区、特别是粮食和生猪等生产大县的支持。有效整合国家投入，提高资金使用效率，切实加强资金监管，坚决制止、严厉查处违规行为。引导更多信贷资金投向“三农”，大中型银行要履行为农服务义务，加快发展适合农村特点的小型金融机构，积极发展多种形式的小额信贷。
        　　Third, we should increase investment. We are now facing significant pressure to provide funds for the many areas that require government investment. Despite this, we will ensure government spending on agriculture, rural areas and rural residents, even if this means reducing investment in construction projects and other areas. We should focus on supporting major producing regions, especially counties with high grain output or high pig output. We should effectively integrate government investment, raise the efficiency of fund use, tighten fund supervision, and be resolute in putting an end to and severely punishing acts in violation of regulations. We should direct more credit funds towards agriculture, rural areas and rural residents, and urge medium and large-sized banks to fulfill their obligations in serving these three aspects. In addition, we should accelerate the development of small-scale financial institutions in accordance with rural characteristics, and actively develop various forms of microfinance in rural areas.
四要深化农村改革。抓好农村土地管理的基础性制度建设，稳步推进各类土地的确权登记颁证工作。集体林权制度改革要基本完成明晰产权、承包到户的改革任务，草原承包改革要加快步伐。继续抓好农村综合改革，做好公益性乡村债务清理化解工作。深入推进农业科技体制改革，加快建立新型农业科技创新和农技推广的体制机制，2012年务必完成乡镇或区域性农技推广、动植物疫病防控、农产品质量监管等公共服务机构建设任务。认真总结统筹城乡发展综合配套改革试点经验，做好农村改革试验区工作。
        　　Fourth, we should deepen rural reforms. We should promote the development of a fundamental system for the administration of rural land, and steadily promote our efforts to confirm, register and certify the ownership of rural land. In our efforts to reform tenure in collective forests, we should basically complete the tasks of clarifying the ownership of collective forestland and concluding contracts with individual households for forestry operations. Moreover, we should accelerate the reform of the contract system for grasslands. We will proceed with the comprehensive reform of rural areas, and work toward the clearance and settlement of public welfare related debts in rural areas. We should promote the reform of the agricultural science and technology system, and accelerate the establishment of a new mechanism for innovations in agricultural science and technology and the promotion of new technologies. In 2012, we must complete the task of establishing public service agencies at the levels of township, town or region for the purpose of introducing agricultural technology, preventing and controlling animal and plant epidemic diseases, and regulating the quality of farm produce. We should learn from our experiences in launching trials for the comprehensive reform aimed at balancing urban and rural development, and devote efforts to pilot districts for rural reforms.
五要保障和改善农村民生。农村安全饮水、电网改造、道路、沼气、危房改造等，要按照规划要求扎实推进。落实发展农村义务教育的各项政策，突出解决学生安全和营养等问题，加快出台校车安全条例和管理办法，实施好学生营养改善计划。加快农村文化建设，扎实抓好农村各项文化惠民工程。进一步减轻农民看病负担，新型农村合作医疗筹资标准从230元提到300元，国家补助由200元提高到240元。新型农村社会养老保险要实现全覆盖。农村最低生活保障要提高规范化管理水平，真正让困难群众受益。
        　　Fifth, we must ensure and improve the public well-being in rural areas. We should steadily push forward the construction of safe drinking water facilities, roads and methane generation projects and the renovation of the power grid and dilapidated buildings in rural areas as we have planned. We should implement policies on developing compulsory education in rural areas, with the focus on resolving problems related to the safety and nutrition of rural students. We should accelerate the formulation of regulations for the safety and management of school buses, and implement plans for the improvement of the nutritional level of rural students. We should accelerate cultural development and launch various cultural schemes for public benefit in rural areas. We will further lighten the financial burden of medical services on rural residents. The per capita funding standard for rural residents covered by the new rural cooperative medical care system has been increased from 230 yuan to 300 yuan, of which the per capita government subsidy has been increased from 200 yuan to 240 yuan accordingly. We need to extend the coverage of the new rural pension insurance system to all rural residents. We should standardize the administration of the basic living allowance system in rural areas, thereby allowing this system to truly benefit those with financial difficulties.
            
            

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        　　四、不断提高做好“三农”工作的能力和水平
        　　IV. Improving our ability to launch initiatives pertaining to agriculture, rural areas and rural residents
做好新形势下的“三农”工作是一篇大文章，既需要具有较高的理论和政策水平，又需要有丰富的实践经验，还要对农民有深厚的感情。从事这项工作的同志，要善于把握农业农村发展的客观规律，统筹协调好各方面关系，更加科学有效地推动农业农村发展。
        　　To tackle the huge task of launching initiatives pertaining to agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents under new circumstances, not only must we have a good understanding of theories and policies, we must also have a great deal of practical experience, and deeply cherish the people in rural areas. Cadres engaging in these initiatives need to understand the objective laws governing agricultural and rural development, balance various different relationships, and strive to make the development of agriculture and rural areas more scientific and more efficient.
一是始终坚持“重中之重”战略思想。中央提出的把解决好“三农”问题作为全党工作重中之重的战略思想，不仅是指导现阶段工作的，也是管长远的。今后，虽然农业份额会下降、农村人口会减少，但农业在国民经济中的基础作用不会改变，“三农”问题在全局中的重要地位不会改变。这个道理，不仅现在要反复讲，今后更要一直讲；不仅要在农村讲，更要在城市讲；不仅要体现在号召上，更要落实在行动上。特别是各级领导干部要牢固树立、自觉践行“重中之重”战略思想，发挥表率作用。
        　　First, we must continue to attach the highest level of importance to solving problems concerning agriculture, rural areas and rural residents. The central government has identified the resolution of problems concerning agriculture, the countryside and rural residents as the number one priority in the work agenda of the entire Party. This strategy will not only guide our current initiatives, but also our long-term efforts. Though both the proportion of agriculture in the economy and the scale of the rural population will decrease in the future, agriculture will always be a foundation of the national economy, and problems pertaining to agriculture, the countryside and farmers will always have a strong bearing on our overall situation. This should be emphasized both at the present and in the future, both in rural areas and in urban areas, and both in publicity efforts and in practice. Leading cadres at all levels should set an example in implementing the strategy of prioritizing the efforts pertaining to agriculture, rural areas and farmers.
二是始终尊重农民意愿。要在认识上和感情上端正对农民的态度，无论做决策还是抓工作，都要设身处地为农民着想，认真听取群众意见。要切实转变思想和工作作风，不要擅自替农民做主、代农民决策，更不能搞强迫命令。即使是为农民办好事，也要允许农民有一个认识和接受的过程，不要追求整齐划一、一步到位。目前农民的分化程度在不断加深，不同人考虑问题的出发点和利益诉求不完全一样。在农村开展各项工作，不仅要体现多数人的意愿，也要充分考虑少数人的特殊情况和合理要求。
        　　Second, we should always respect the will of rural residents. We should maintain a sound attitude towards rural residents in terms of our understanding of them and our feelings for them. Regardless of whether we are making decisions or launching initiatives, we should put ourselves in their position and solicit their opinions. We should change our way of thinking and our style of work. We should not make decisions on behalf of rural residents, nor should we take coercive measures. We should give rural residents the chance to understand and accept our initiatives, and should not expect them to change overnight, even if what we are doing is for their benefit. We should not expect to make uniform progress across the board and get the job done in one go. As a group, rural residents have become increasingly diverse, with different people having different points of view and different demands. Therefore, we should not only pay attention to the wishes of the majority, but also take into consideration the special cases and reasonable demands of the minority, whilst carrying out our work in rural areas.
三是始终维护农民权益。在经济上充分关心农民的物质利益、在政治上切实保障农民的民主权利，这是党的十一届三中全会确立的重要指导思想，也是30多年来农村改革发展取得巨大成就的重要原因。必须适应利益关系的深刻变化和社会进步的要求，以新的思路和举措更好地维护农民权益。尊重农民的物质利益，不仅要增加农民的生产经营收入，而且要更加重视维护农民在土地、财产、就业、社会保障和公共服务等方面的权益。保障农民的民主权利，不仅要让农民按自己的意愿参加村委会换届选举，而且要更加重视扩大村民自治范围，完善与农民政治参与意识不断提高相适应的乡镇治理机制。
        　　Third, we should always safeguard the rights and interests of rural residents. We should pay close attention to the material interests of rural residents economically, and effectively safeguard their democratic rights politically. This is an important guiding ideology that was adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh CPC Central Committee, and has contributed to our great achievements in rural reform and development over more than three decades. We must adapt to social progress and the profound changes taking place in the relationships between different interests, and adopt new ideas and measures in order to better safeguard the rights and interests of rural residents. We must respect the material interests of farmers. Thus, we should not only work to increase their income from farming, but also place emphasis on ensuring their rights and interests in regard to land, property, employment, social safety nets, and public services. On the other hand, we should safeguard the democratic rights of rural residents. In addition to ensuring that rural residents are able to participate in the election of village committees at their own free will, we should also devote more efforts to expanding the scope of the autonomous administration of villages. Moreover, we should improve our system for the governance of townships, tailoring the system to the increasing will of rural residents to participate in the administration of political affairs.
四是始终坚持从实际出发。农业农村发展越是形势喜人，越要保持清醒头脑。改变历史形成的农村落后面貌，要靠长期的艰苦奋斗，循序渐进地解决问题。农村情况千差万别，发展不可能一个模式，必须因地制宜、量力而行，切忌急功近利、一哄而起。要在吃透民情上下功夫，做扎实细致的调查研究，了解农村的真实情况和群众的真实想法，使决策和工作更加切合实际。农村改革走到今天，确实需要加强顶层设计，但农民群众始终是改革的力量源泉，要最大限度地保护和激发农民群众的创造力。
        　　Fourth, we must stay grounded in reality. The more progress we make in agricultural and rural development, the more important it becomes to maintain a clear head. The underdevelopment of our rural areas is a consequence of history. To turn this situation around, we need to work hard over a long period of time and resolve problems on a step-by-step basis. The realities in our rural areas are hugely diverse, which means that rural regions cannot follow a single development model. We must carry out work in consideration of local characteristics and in line with our capacity, and guard against seeking quick and easy gains or being rash. We must make efforts to stay fully informed about popular opinion and launch solid and careful investigations and studies in order to ascertain the actual situations in rural areas and the genuine demands of rural residents. These will allow us to better base our decisions and initiatives on reality. At the current stage of rural reform in China, it is necessary that we improve our top-level design. However, rural residents will always be the source of strength for reform. Therefore, we must protect and stimulate the creativity of rural residents to the greatest possible extent.
五是始终按政策和法律办事。要牢固树立依法行政的理念，严格按照政策和法律开展工作，既不能缺位也不能越位。政策和法律不仅是约束，也是保护。善于用政策凝聚人心，通过认真执行和落实政策，可以把农民团结到党和政府的周围。善于运用国家法律，引导农民用法律手段维护自身权益，有利于促进农村社会稳定。新从事“三农”工作的同志，尤其要抓紧系统学习农村政策和法律，了解农村改革的历程、农村体制和政策的沿革，尽快掌握农村工作要领。
        　　Fifth, we should always carry out initiatives in accordance with policies and laws. We must establish the idea of administration in accordance with the law. We should approach our work strictly in line with policies and laws, neither falling short of what is required nor overstepping our bounds. This is because policies and laws not only impose constraints, but also provide protection. We should be adept at bringing rural residents together, and uniting them behind the government and the Party through the careful implementation of policies. In addition, we should be adept in the application of laws, so that we can guide rural residents in safeguarding their rights and interests through legal means. This is conducive to social stability in rural areas. Those who are new to work concerning agriculture, rural areas and rural residents should step up their efforts to familiarize themselves with the policies and laws related to rural work, the history of rural reforms, and the evolution of rural systems and policies, so as to master the basics of rural initiatives.
        　　（本文系温家宝同志2011年12月27日在中央农村工作会议上的讲话摘要。 ）
        　　(This is an extract of a speech delivered by the author at the Central Conference on Rural Work on December 27, 2011.)