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Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten
statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of
the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is
derived.
You may choose a para'graph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a
letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet
2.
Green Growth
A. The enrichment of previously poor countries is the most inspiring
development of our time. It is also worrying. The environment is already under
strain. What willhappen when the global population rises from 7 billion today to
9.3 billion in 2050, as demographers(人口统计学家) expect, and a growing proportion of
these people can'afford goods that were once reserved for the elite? Can the
planet support so much economic activity?
B .Many policymakers adopt a top-down and Western-centfic approach to such
planetary problems. They discuss ambitious regulations in global forums, or look
to giant multinationals and well-heeled (富有的) NGOs to set an example. But since
most people live in the emerging world, it makes sense to look at what
successful companies there are doing to make growth more sustainable.
C. A new study by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the Boston Consulting
Group (BCG) identifies 16 emerging-market firms that they say are turning
eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage. These highly
profitable companies (which the study calls "the new sustainability champions")
are using greenery to reduce costs, motivate workers and forge relationships.
Their home-grown ideas will probably be easier for their peers to copy than
anything cooked up in the West.
D. The most outstanding quality of these companies is that they turn
limitationsof resources, labor and infrastructure) into opportunities. Thus,
India's Shree Cement, which has tong suffered from water shortages, developed
the world's most water-efficient method for making cement, in part by using
air-cooling rather than water-cooling. Manila Water, a utility in the
Philippines, reduced the amount of water it was losing, through wastage and
illegal tapping, from 63% in 1997 to 12% in 2010 by making water affordable for
the poor.
Broad Group, a Chinese maker of air conditioners, taps the waste heat from
buildings to power its machines. Zhangzidao Fishery Group, a Chinese aquaculture
(水产养殖) company, recycles uneaten fish feed to fertilize crops.
E.Setting green goals is a common practice. Sekem, an Egyptian food
producer, set itself the task of reclaiming ( 开垦) desert land through organic
farming. Florida Ice & Farm, a Costa Rican food and drink company, has
adopted strict standards for the amount of water it can consume in producing
drinks.
F.These firms measure themselves by their greenery, too. Florida Ice &
Farm, for example, links 60% of its boss's pay to the triple bottom line of
"people, planet and profit". The sustainability champions also encourage their
workers to come up with green ideas. Natura, a Brazilian cosmetics company,
gives bonuses to staff who find ways to reduce the firm's impact on the
environment. Masisa, a Chilean forestry company, invites employees to "imagine
unimaginable businesses" aimed at poorer consumers. Woolworths, a South African
retailer, claims that many of its best green ideas have come from staff, not
bosses.
G.In emerging markets it is hard for companies to stick to one specialism,
because they have to worry about so many wider problems, from humble
infrastructure to unreliable supply chains. So the sustainability champions seek
to shape the business environment in which they operate. They lobby (游说)
regulators: Grupo Balbo, a Brazilian organic-sugar producer, is working with the
Brazilian government to establish a certification system for organic products.
They form partnerships with governments and NGOs. Kenya's Equity Bank has formed
an alliance with groups such as The International Fund for Agricultural
Development to reduce its risks when lending to smallholders. Natura has worked
with its suppliers to produce sustainable packaging, including a new "green"
plastic derived from sugar cane.
H. The firms also work hard to reach and educate poor consumers, often
sacrificing short-term profits to create future markets. Masisa organizes local
carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income furniture buyers. Broad
Group has developed a miniature device for measuring air pollution that can fit
into mobile phones. Jain Irrigation, an Indian maker of irrigation systems, uses
dance and song to explain the benefits of drip irrigation to farmers who can't
read. Suntech, a Chinese solar-power company, has established a low- carbon
museum to celebrate ways of reducing carbon-dioxide emissions.
Rich became green, or green became rich?
I.One could quibble (争辩)with BCG's analysis. Phil Rosenzweig of
Switzerland's IMD business school has argued that management writers are prone
to "the halo effect": they treat the temporary success of a company as proof
that it has discovered some eternal principle of good management. The fact that
some successful companies have embraced greenery does not prove that greenery
makes a firm successful. Some firms, having prospered, find they can afford to
splurge ( 挥霍) on greenery. Some successful firrns pursue greenery for
public-relations purposes. And for every sustainable emerging champion, there
are surely 100 firms that have prospered by belching ( 喷出 ) fumes into the air
or pumping toxins into rivers.
J.Nonetheless, the central message of the WEF-BCG study--that some of the
best emerging-world companies are combining profits with greenery--is
thought-provoking. Many critics of environmentalism argue that it is a
rich-world luxury: that the poor need adequate food before they need super-clean
air. Some even see greenery as a rich-world conspiracy ( 阴谋): the West grew rich
by industrializing (and polluting ), but now wants to stop the rest of the world
from following suit. The WEF-BCG report demonstrates that such fears are
overblown. Emerging-world companies can be just as green as their Western
rivals. Many have found that, when natural resources are scarce and consumers
are cash-strapped ( 资金短缺的 ), greenery can be a lucrative(利润丰厚的) business
strategy.
46. An air-conditioner manufacturer uses the waste heat from buildings to
supply its machines with power.
47. Many critics of environmentalism hold the view that greenery is a
rich-world luxury because that's not what the poor people badly want.
48. Workers of the sustainability champions are motivated to bring forward
green ideas.
49. It is meaningful to study what successful companies in the emerging
world are doing to achieve more sustainable growth, since most people live
there.
50. It's difficult for companies in emerging markets to keep focusing on
one specific problem because they have many wider problems to worry about.
51. Although some successful firms have embraced greenery, it doesn't mean
that greenery will lead to the success of a firm.
52. It will probably be easier for companies to follow the home-grown ideas
than those invented in the West.
53. It has been found that greenery can be profitable when natural
resources are scarce and consumers are short of cash.
54. Sekem, which produces food in Egypt, set a goal to reclaim desert land
through organic farming.
55. To create future markets, the firms also make effort to reach and
educate poor consumers, often at the cost of short-term profits.
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发表于 2018-12-8 10:33:13