|
|
第一单元 写作基本要求
一、四种文体
1、记叙文
环境(WHERE)、人物(WHO)、情节(WHAT)
时间顺序往往是记叙手法的基本线索，用一些表示时间的词语(如：WHEN，WHILE，BEFORE，AFTER，THEN，DURING，SUDDENLY，AT LAST等等)把一系列事件和动作连接起来，构成一个完整的叙述。
“An Early Morning Walk”
提纲：
1、One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet.
2、When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there……
3、……Taking early morning walks makes a man healthy and wise.
2、描写文
空间顺序往往是描写手法的基本线索，用一些表示空间的词语(如HERE，THERE，OUTSIDE，ON THE TOP OF，IN THE MIDDLE，AROUND，ABOVE，UNDER，NEAR等等)把一系列地点和物体连接起来，构成一个完整的叙述。
As I came into my cousin’s bedroom, I got really surprised, for I had
never seen such a mess and disorder in the room of a young man of 16
years old already. On the right wall, a row of hooks was covered with
dirty sweet-shirts and filthy hats. Directly in front of me was a dusty
desk, on which scattered lots of books, some of which were open as if
waiting for my lazy brother’s attention; others were piled up in
disorder ready to slide down at any moment. Near the desk, there was a
toppled poor chair on the floor with one leg damaged. What’s worse, the
bed which was against the left wall was a more serious mess and the
pairs of sports shoes and socks under the bed gave out a terrible smell.
What a room at sixes and sevens!
3、说明文
写作目的着重客观陈述、解释说明
例如“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”, “My Ideal Job”等。
4、议论文*
着重于发表自己看法，依靠推理和论证来阐述自己的观点，力图说服读者，使人相信某种道理或某种假设;或要影响别人，使人追随自己所指示的方向。
“Examination”
1、There are many arguments about the advantages and disadvantages of examination.
2、For both examiners and examinees, the examination can show what and how much the examinees have mastered.
3、In sum, examination does more good that harm for both examiners and examinees.
二、评价一篇文章好坏的标准
一篇优秀作文的标准为：
1. 内容切题，有较好的谋篇构段框架，文章结构完整;紧扣主题，转承衔接自然;
2. 语法基本正确，句法基本准确，句子与句子、段落之间过渡连贯;
3. 用词面广，遣词造句得当，句式、句型有变化，字数符合要求;
4. 层次分明，说理清楚，语言流畅，内容充实。
一篇较差的作文表现为：
1. 文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题;
2. 出现很多基本语法错误和拼写错误;
3. 词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力;
4. 不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语凑到一起。
文章解析
(1)
In the past five years, there have been changes in people’s diet.
Grain, as the main food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important
role in people’s diet, while the proportion of some high-energy food,
such as milk, meat has increased.
What caused these changes? I
think there are two reasons. First, people now have more money. The
price of meat and milk is much higher than that of grain. In the old
days, people couldn’t afford them. Now they have enough money to but
meat and milk. Second, people of nowadays pay more attention to the
structure of their diet. They are seeking the most reasonable diet
structure which will do good to their health.
In short, there have been changes in people’s diet in the past five years and there will be changes in the future, too.
(2)
In the past five years people’s diet had changed quite a lot. The grain
was no longer the main food of people’s diet. It decreased from 49% to
45%. And the possession of the fruit and vegetables was declined,
either. But, however, the necessary of the milk and meat was increased
with no doubt. Such case owned to two reasons.
On the one hand, the
level of people’s lives had greatly advanced. More and more people
could afford the expensive food. On the other hand, modern science had
been developed with high speed. Then people began to be aware of
choosing more useful food.
With the developing of the society, people’s diet will change more greatly.
(3)
Diet is very important in people’s life. In past five, there is a big
change in all kinds of food. For example, Grain. In 1986 it takes 40
percent in Diet in after four years. It discrease 4 per cent in diet;
Milk increase 3 per cent in last five years. It grows to 13 per cent in
Diet; Meat in 1986-1989, it kept to grow up. An in 1990, it down 2 per
cent; Fruit and vegetables is discrease in last five years.
Why it
will have these changes. It is two side, the first is people began to
see that Milk. Meat. Fruit and Vegetable are very importance in people’s
bodies, the other is people’s life is quite good. They have enough
money to buy Meat, Milk, Etc. They know how to build them bodies.
In last five years. Big changes in people’s Diet. It call us more and more people know. Share them Diet and build them bodies.
三、写作要领
1、审题构思，在获取一个文章题目后，首先根据题目要求进行思维联想，分析题目表达的主要内容和主旨。
2、谋篇构段，草拟提纲。通过分析题目的内容和主旨，将大脑中形成的信息、资料，分类整理，列出写作提纲、主题句，进行文章段落的筹划(三段作文法)
3、组段成篇，初步成文。将以上的构思内容、提纲、相关主题句，通过句子扩展，初步整理形成一篇草稿文字。
4、加工修改，润色定稿。对文章草稿修改润色，以加强文章的说明力及感染力。
请看下面的例子：
DIRECTIONS：
A.Title: Develop Western Regions
B.Time Limit: 50 minutes
C.Word Limit: no less than 200 words (not including the given sentence)
D.Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below
E.Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET
OUTLINE：
1.The significance and importance of developing west regions
2.The cause of its underdevelopment and the present situations
3.The prospects of the West China
成文：
Develop Western Regions
The large scale development of West China is of profound significance.
First, it will open a broad development space for central and eastern
regions. Besides, it’s critical to China’s overall economic rise. What’s
more, it’s the only effective way to decrease the imbalance of economic
development in the ease and west so as to revitalize our nation.
There are various reasons why the landlocked west has lagged behind in
its economic development. The chief reason, I think, is that the opening
up policies enable the east to lure more foreign capital and make a
fantastic spur in its development. As a result, it leaves the west far
behind in its economic growth. In addition, the west’s unique
unfavorable geographic positions greatly limit its development.
Therefore, the gaps between the west and the east have been widened
since China’s reform. In fact, many regions in the west will still
remain comparatively underdeveloped. To illustrate, most of the 30
million poor populations, who still have subsistence problems, live
there. Moreover, currently the per capital GDP in West China is only
about 60% of national average. And the vast West China makes less
contribution to the nation’s development. If left unchanged, the
underdevelopment in the west will greatly affect overall prosperity and
even social stability.
However, the western region development is a
long-term systematic project. It calls for tremendous effort of several
generations. To sum up, our chief goal is to build West China with
economic prosperity, social progress, political stability and beautiful
landscape. Finally, I believe the west will catch up with the east in
its economic development in the near future.
(269 Words)
课后练习
列出下列作文题目的提纲：
1、Develop Our Creative Mind
2、Science and Superstition
3、Do Clothes Make a Man?
4、My Favorite Form of Entertainment
5、The Importance of Self-education
第二单元 十句作文法
一、十句作文法基本模式
“十句作文法”是由有关专家总结出来的一种高分作文方法，同学在经过短期培训后就可将成绩较大幅度提高。因此在这里加以推荐和介绍，掌握好这种方法，对短时间内写出一篇高分作文十分有帮助。
需要指出的是所谓十句作文法并非一定十句，从很多高分作文来分析，句子数量分布在10句至15句范围(依句子长短和结构不同而不同)。如以每个句子平均10---15个单词来计算，便能用10---15个句子完成一篇要求200字左右的作文。
其基本模式为：
第一段(开头段) 主旨句(句1)、扩展句(句2)
第二段(中间段) 主题句(句3)、扩展句(句4)、扩展句(句5)、扩展句(句6)、扩展句(句7)、扩展句(句8)、小结句(句9)
第三段(结尾段) 结尾句(句10)
EXAMPLE 1
Television
Television presents a vivid world in front of us.(1)(主旨句) Through TV,
we can learn what is happening half way across the world. (2)(扩展句)
Television also plays an important educational role in our daily life.
(3)(主题句) For one thing, the TV university provides an opportunity for
many young men who can not go to formal universities.(4)(扩展句) For
another, children can broaden their scope of knowledge by watching such
popular programs as “The Animal World”, and “The Mickey Mouse and Duck
Donald”.(5)(扩展句) Besides, women can learn about the latest fashion of
dresses and the best recipe for making fruit cakes.(6)(扩展句) Furthermore,
we learn many world advanced technologies from TV programs such as
computer and telecommunication.(7)(扩展句) And also we can learn singing,
dancing and doing physical exercises in some special TV training
courses.(8)(扩展句) In short, the effect of TV’s educational role is
becoming more and more obvious.(9)(小结句)
Having viewed these several
aspects, and with many more TV programs produced, I believe that our
life will become even more significant.(10)(总结句)
(192 Words)
EXAMPLE 2
Changes in People’s Diet
There have been some changes nowadays in the diet of the Chinese.(1)(主旨句) For example, grain, the main food of most people in China, is now
playing a less important role, while the consumption of high-nutrition
food such as milk, meat has increased.(2)(扩展句)
The changes in diet
can be accounted for by a number of factors.(3)(主题句) First, people are
much wealthier than before.(4)(扩展句) With a higher income, they can
afford to buy good foods which, in the past, were rarely seen on the
dinner tables of ordinary families.(5)(扩展句) Another factor is that
people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health.
(6)(扩展句) Lack of certain amount of meat or milk, for example, will
result in poor health.(7)(扩展句) Finally, owing to the economic reform,
meat and milk, which were scarce in the past, are produced in large
quantities.(8)(扩展句) For all those reasons, what was formerly called “the
basket of vegetables” has become that of varied foods.(9)(小结句)
To sum up, insignificant as those changes may seem, they are the signs of
the improved economic condition in China, and we believe that as the
effort in the modernization movement continues, there will be greater
changes in people’s diet in the future.(10)(总结句)
(226 Words)
EXAMPLE 3
Computers---Our Electronic Brain
Nowadays computers have been widely used in China.(1)(主旨句) We can
easily find all kinds of computers everywhere, especially in large
cities.(2)(扩展句) Many Chinese usually call PC computers electronic
brains.(3)(扩展句) Computers have become our faithful friends and
companions because they can help us so much.(4)(扩展句)
Computers are
useful in may ways.(5)(主题句) As we all know, scientists use computers to
run experiments, analyze data and solve large equations.(6)(扩展句)
Engineers use computers to automatically control complicated industrial
production, design circuits and machine parts or even spaceships.(7)(扩展句) Writers and editors use computers to write books, edit newspapers and
magazines.(8)(扩展句) And office workers use computers to write manage
files, send and receive emails, conduct statistical surveys of all kinds
of information, etc.(9)(扩展句) Computers are also widely used at homes.
(10)(扩展句) Small kids use it to do homework, to surf internet, and to
play games.(11)(扩展句) The list of computer application is really endless,
and more new applications are still developing.(12)(段落小结句)
In short, computers do a variety of jobs from routine office work to
research work of science and technology.(13)(总结句) Though computers do
not think intelligently as men, with good software they can carry out
missions impossible for human beings.(14)(扩展句) In the information age,
without computer, it would be difficult to imagine modern life.(15)(扩展句)
(218 Words)
二、十句作文法句子评析说明
主旨句指的是整篇文章的主题和写作的“大前提”，一般放在语篇起始处，而且一般都在第一段。举例如下：
1、 The lengthy holidays have caused unexpected great travel craze and brisk
economic activities. Holiday spending, however, adds fuel to the
Chinese economy, which in turn leads to the creation of a new term
“Holiday Economy”. But, Meanwhile, it sparks a hot debate about it.
2、 Nowadays, with the rapid development of IT and information industry,
cell phones play an important role in townspeople’s life. But, like
everything else, they have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.
|
|
发表于 2016-7-10 14:39:13