古希腊故事：酒神狄奥尼索斯

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Dionysus had a strange birth that evokes the difficulty in fitting him into the Olympian pantheon. His mother was a mortal woman, Semele, the daughter of king Cadmus of Thebes, and his father was Zeus, the king of the gods. Zeus' wife, Hera, a jealous and prudish goddess, discovered the affair while Semele was pregnant. Appearing as an old crone (in other stories a nurse), Hera befriended Semele, who confided in her that Zeus was the actual father of the baby in her womb. Hera pretended not to believe her, and planted seeds of doubt in Semele's mind. Curious, Semele demanded of Zeus that he reveal himself in all his glory as proof of his godhood. Though Zeus begged her not to ask this, she persisted and he agreed. Therefore he came to her wreathed in bolts of lightning; mortals, however, could not look upon an undisguised god without dying, and she perished in the ensuing blaze. Zeus rescued the foetal Dionysus by sewing him into his thigh. A few months later, Dionysus was born on Mount Pramnos in the island of Ikaria, where Zeus went to release the now-fully-grown baby from his thigh. In this version, Dionysus is borne by two "mothers" (Semele and Zeus) before his birth, hence the epithet dimētōr (of two mothers) associated with his being "twice-born".
        In the Cretan version of the same story, which Diodorus Siculus follows, Dionysus was the son of Zeus and Persephone, the queen of the Greek underworld. Diodorus' sources equivocally identified the mother as Demeter. A jealous Hera again attempted to kill the child, this time by sending Titans to rip Dionysus to pieces after luring the baby with toys. It is said that he was mocked by the Titans who gave him a thyrsus (a fennel stalk) in place of his rightful sceptre. Zeus drove the Titans away with his thunderbolts, but only after the Titans ate everything but the heart, which was saved, variously, by Athena, Rhea, or Demeter. Zeus used the heart to recreate him in the womb of Semele, hence he was again "the twice-born". Other versions claim that Zeus gave Semele the heart to eat to impregnate her.
        The rebirth in both versions of the story is the primary reason why Dionysus was worshipped in mystery religions, as his death and rebirth were events of mystical reverence. This narrative was apparently used in several Greek and Roman cults, and variants of it are found in Callimachus and Nonnus, who refer to this Dionysus with the title Zagreus, and also in several fragmentary poems attributed to Orpheus.
        The myth of the dismemberment of Dionysus by the titans, is alluded to by Plato in his Phaedo (69d) in which Socrates claims that the initiations of the Dionysian Mysteries are similar to those of the philosophic path. Late Platonists such as Damascius explore the implications of this at length.
相关中文阅读（摘自百度百科）
        古希腊神话里的酒神狄奥尼索斯(Dionysus)是葡萄酒与狂欢之神，也是古希腊的艺术之神。据最流行的传说，他是宙斯(Zeus)和西姆莱公主(Semele)所生的儿子。宙斯的妻子赫拉(Hera)是只醋坛子，凡是宙斯与别人相爱，她一定要作陷害性的报复。赫拉劝诱怀了孕的西姆莱公主请求宙斯现出本相，以证明爱情的神圣性。原来，宙斯与人间女子相爱时，都以化身出现。在西姆莱的请求下，宙斯表示同意。宙斯是希腊宗教和神话里的主神，他的威力太大，西姆莱这个凡间女子无法承受，结果被雷霆击死。宙斯从西姆莱的腹中取出未足月的胎儿，缝入自己的大腿。宙斯在这段时间里成了瘸腿。儿子足月后出生，意思是“宙斯瘸腿”。这样，狄奥尼索斯出生过两次。
狄奥尼索斯的生死神奇传说以及他同美女阿里阿德涅的婚姻，使得他在有些地方，人们几乎把他和太阳神阿波罗(Apollo)同等对待。酒神的表征是一个由常春藤、葡萄蔓和葡萄果穗缠绕而成的花环，一支杖端有松果形物的图尔索斯杖和一只叫坎撤洛斯的双柄大酒杯。在早期的绘画艺术中，他被描绘成一个蓄须男子，但后来又变成了一个有女性味道的青年男子，并常由女祭司们陪伴和长笛演奏者们簇期着。希腊国家博物馆的古币馆中陈列着一枚铸有狄奥尼索斯头像的古希腊钱币。酒神面带希腊众神所共有的平静表情，他的头发用葡萄蔓结成发髻，葡萄叶装饰着他的前额，犹如头戴王冠。
        早在公元前7世纪，古希腊就有了“大酒神节”(Great Dionysia)。每年3月为表示对酒神狄奥尼索斯的敬意，都要在雅典举行这项活动。人们在筵席上为祭祝酒神狄奥尼索斯所唱的即兴歌，称为“酒神赞歌”(Dithyramb)。与比较庄重的“太阳神赞歌”相比，它以即兴抒情合唱诗为特点，并有芦笛伴奏，朗然起舞的酒神赞歌受到普遍的欢迎。到公元前6世纪左右，酒神赞歌开始负盛誉，并发展成由50名成年男子和男孩组成的合唱队、在科林斯的狄奥尼索斯大赛会上表演竞赛的综合艺术形式。伟大的酒神赞歌时代也是伟大的希腊抒情合唱诗盛行的时代，井导致了古希腊戏剧、音乐艺术的发展。古希腊的悲剧、喜剧和羊人剧都源于“大酒神节”。