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南巡讲话 South Tour Speeches
A series of speeches delivered by the late leader Deng Xiaoping, the chief
architect of China's reform and opening-up, during his inspection tour of
southern Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shanghai in early 1992. Targeted at
domestic misgivings and confusion among some scholars and even officials about
the country's reform and development, Deng put forward some new viewpoints on a
series of crucial issues, such as the core of Marxism, the essence of socialism,
market economy, and how to emancipate and develop productivity. The significant
speeches outlined an unequivocal path for the country's further reform and
opening-up and have greatly driven its political, economic, and social
development.
实事求是 To Seek Truth from Facts
A term stressing that facts or practices are the single standard by which
to judge whether a theory is valid. It is one of the core ideas of the Communist
Party of China about socialism with Chinese characteristics. Repeatedly stressed
by different generations of leaders, this term was formally raised by Deng
Xiaoping in the late 1970s. It was to mobilize the country to look for means of
development in economic and political terms feasible and suitable for China
rather than those based on political ideology. It is still part of the
principles for the CPC stipulated in its constitution. It is also a popular term
extensively used in different aspects of social life.
与时俱进 Keep Up With the Times
An expression that has become popular in official documents and speeches,
accentuating the need on the part of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to keep
pace with the rapid changes that have taken place in society.
First appearing in former President Jiang Zemin's speech commemorating the
80th anniversary of the CPC's founding on July 1, 2001, the expression was
included as part of the theme for the Party's 16th National Congress in 2002.
Under the principle, the Party vowed to adapt its ideology and work in tune with
the latest developments in and out of the country to better serve the
people.
信访 Letters and Visits
A special term referring to actions of citizens or institutions to give
information, make comments or suggestions and lodge complaints to the special
administrative department in charge of receiving them through various forms.
Letters and visits from the grassroots were lauded by State leaders as having
remarkable significance in enhancing ties between the government and the people.
Individuals and institutions could write letters or pay visits to the relevant
department when they have information about or want to complain about the
performance of the administrative organization, enterprise or institutions
supplying public services as well as about their staff members. Departments
receiving letters and visits are required to process the information and
complaints according to a State Council regulation first adopted in 1995 and
revised in 2005.
星火计划 Spark Program
A State effort to popularize modern technologies in the rural areas to
stimulate rural development and raise the farmers' income. Started in 1986, the
program offers support to technological projects easily applied and developed in
rural areas, encourages factories and small businesses to develop these projects
with incentives in several aspects, holds training courses in rural businesses
and promotes agricultural technology among farmers. By 2006, local governments
invested 14.3 billion yuan while the central government contributed 363.1
billion yuan to the program.
以人为本 Put People First
An idea of the Communist Party of China (CPC) stresses that boosting the
people's interests and development are the purpose of the Party as well as the
State. Formally raised during the third plenary session of the 16th CPC Central
Committee in October 2003, this idea was tagged as the core of the scientific
outlook of development by general secretary Hu Jintao in his report on the 17th
CPC National Congress in 2007. As a ruling party, the CPC vowed to expand the
people's interests, respect the people's position in political life, give play
to their creativity and let them share the benefits of development.
两岸直航包机 Direct Chartered Flight Across the Taiwan Straits
Flights between designated airports on the Chinese mainland and Taiwan
during major Chinese festivals. Regular flights have been cut off between the
two sides since 1949. In 2003, the Taiwan authorities allowed Taiwan airlines to
fly Taiwan people living in the mainland with chartered flights from Shanghai
for the Spring Festival. As a trust-building step, chartered flights were added
in 2006 during three other holidays: Tomb Sweeping Day, the Dragon Boat Festival
and the Mid Autumn Festival. Airlines from both sides were allowed and the
flights stopped at four mainland cities and two Taiwan cities. Negotiations are
underway to arrange the chartered flights weekly or even more frequently.
基层群众自治制度 System of Community Level Self-Governance
A grassroots democratic system in which rural and urban citizens manage the
public affairs in their organizations and communities. Composed of the
villagers' committee in rural areas, neighborhood committee in urban areas and
the conference of workers and staff in businesses, the system enables the
members to carry out democratic elections, decision-making and supervision. An
important part in the country's political democracy, it was stressed as a
fundamental system to adhere to in improving the socialist political system by
General Secretary Hu Jintao in his report to the 17th National Congress of the
Communist Party of China in 2007.
多党合作和政治协商制度 System of Multi-party Cooperation and Political
Consultation
A basic political system in China under which the Communist Party of China
(CPC), as the party in power, consults all non-Communist parties and
representatives of non-party personages to reach a common understanding before
taking major decisions. Formally established in 1949 when New China was founded,
the system is practiced through various forms. The two major forms are the
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, of which non-Communist party
members and non-party personages are members, and the consultative conferences
attended by non-Communist parties and unaffiliated democrats who are invited by
the CPC bodies at different levels.
依法治国 Rule of Law
A fundamental principle of governance that stresses that the country should
be administered in accordance with the law.
It was formally raised as a fundamental principle in 1997 when former
general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Jiang Zemin delivered
his report to the 15th National Congress of the CPC. He stressed the principle
should be fully observed as "socialist democracy is gradually institutionalized
and codified so that such institutions and laws will not change with changes in
the leadership or changes in the views or focus of attention of any leader."
This principle was reiterated by General Secretary Hu Jintao during the
17th CPC National Congress in 2007.
民主集中制 Democratic Centralism
A principle of organization in the Communist Party of China (CPC) as well
as in the country's political life, stressing both democracy and centralism.
Enunciated originally by Vladimir Lenin, the principle stresses that the Party
members have the freedom to discuss and debate matters of policy and direction,
but must support the final decision once it is reached through a majority vote.
Individuals must obey the Party or the organization, the minority must obey the
majority, the lower levels of organizations must obey the ones at the upper
level. It is one of the most important principles adopted by the CPC at its
early stage and is upheld till now.
政企分开 Separate Government Functions from Enterprise Management
An effort to draw a clear line between the roles of the administration and
of the businesses. Under the planned economy, the extensive involvement of the
government in economic operations resulted in the government making commercial
decisions for the businesses and the State-owned enterprises offering public
services to their employees, ranging from medical care to education. Since the
country introduced the economic reform, it became a major mission for the
government to separate the functions of the administration from those of the
enterprises in order to improve the efficiency of both.
农转非 Change From Rural Residents to Urban Residents
A change in the residential status of people under the household
registration system.
Since the household registration system was established in the 1950s,
residents were put into two categories, urban and rural, according to where they
lived. While urban residents enjoyed relatively better social security as
industrial workers, rural residents had to depend on farming for a living.
Rural people could obtain urban registration under special circumstances,
like entering universities or becoming army officers. This was difficult to
achieve, but viewed as a quick way to a better life, especially in the 1970s and
1980s.
As the country began to reform, so did the household registration system.
The supply of commodities became more abundant on the market, and the difference
in welfare of urban and rural residents was narrowed.
863计划 863 Program
A government program to stimulate the development of advanced technologies.
The figure "863" comes from the fact that it was created in the third month of
1986.
Approved by former leader Deng Xiaoping, the program aims at lifting
China's own efforts in scientific and technology research as well as in
commercializing the benefits of the research. The program's specific plan gives
preference to research in biology, information technology, astronautics, laser
technology, automation, energy technology, and new materials.
A milestone in the history of scientific progress, the program has boosted
China's independent research capability, laying a solid foundation for economic
and social growth. |
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发表于 2016-7-9 23:54:47