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造成巨大人员和财产损失的川西北大地震发生之后,防止次生地质灾害和安置受灾群众成为全国上下抗震救灾的重大紧迫任务。而在灾后出现的次生地质灾害中,除了人们熟知的山体滑坡和泥石流等之外,“堰塞湖”成为了最大的威胁,这一原先几乎连普通水利地质技术人员都不太了解的次生灾害已经严重威胁到了灾区人民的安全。2008年5月25日下午4时,国新办就汶川地震灾害和抗震救灾情况举行第十五次发布会。据水利部介绍,四川震区已发现堰塞湖34处,其中3处溃决、5处自然漫溢、4处人工扒口泄流。根据目前掌握的情况,还有绵阳市北川县唐家山、安县茶坪河肖家桥、平武县南坝,广元市青川县石板沟、德阳市绵竹市黑洞崖等堰塞湖对下游威胁较大,特别是北川县唐家山堰塞湖处于高度危险状态。据水利部副部长鄂竟平5月25日在国新办新闻发布会上的介绍,在所有的堰塞湖中,位于北川县城上游的唐家山堰塞湖处于高度危险状态,该堰塞湖也是汶川大地震形成的最大堰塞湖。
显而易见,“堰塞湖”受到了全国上下的强烈关注,最关心的问题之一就是何为堰塞湖。根据百度百科的介绍,堰塞湖是由火山熔岩流,或由地震活动等原因引起山崩滑坡体等堵截河谷或河床后贮水而形成的湖泊。由火山溶岩流堵截而形成的湖泊又称为熔岩堰塞湖。堰塞湖形成过程有以下四种,分别是:1、原有的水系;2
、原有水系被堵塞物堵住。堵塞物可能是火山熔岩流,可能是地震活动等原因引起的山崩滑坡体,可能是泥石流,亦可能是其他的什么物质;3、河谷、河床被堵塞后,流水聚集并且往四周漫溢;4、储水到一定程度便形成堰塞湖。
与此同时,对于广大的英语学习者来说,“堰塞湖”在英语中该如何表达也成为了一个最新关注点,因为这一人们几乎闻所未闻的自然灾害现象在一般辞典中显然是不会被收录的,因此,查询当前各类常用英语辞典显然是不能得到答案的。这时候,我们可以通过阅读英语新闻报道来了解其英语对应说法,同时通过读新闻来学习地道英语表达。中国日报网站援引新华网的报道称,“堰塞湖”在英语中的对应表达是quake
lake,该网站还说,英语中用来表达“堰塞湖”的说法还有barrier lake和dammed
lake等。不过,美国《洛杉矶时报》2008年5月23日刊登的一篇关于中国川西北大地震的新闻报道中则使用了barrier
lake这一说法并且简明扼要地释义如下:barrier lakes are formed when a landslide plugs a
river,其中的plug是“堵塞”,“填塞”的意思,也就是说,由山体滑坡或泥石流堵塞河道之后形成的湖泊。Barrier是“障碍物”的意思,barrier
lake顾名思义就是“遭到了堵塞的湖泊”。当然,“堰塞湖”看似湖泊,实质上是河道被堵塞之后出现的,其实质还是河流,因此,百度百科才有“河谷、河床被堵塞后,流水聚集并且往四周漫溢”这样的解释。根据美国英语在国际社会中占有绝对优势地位的情形,我们也许可以说,堰塞湖在英语中的说法就是
barrier lake。
值得一提的是,通过《洛杉矶时报》的这篇新闻报道,我们可以学习到许多鲜活而又地道的英语词汇,丰富我们的英语表达能力,提高我们的英语应用能力,因此该新闻报道值得我们去认真阅读。而且,从文章内容来看,该新闻报道也是相当客观公正的。
Other dangers in quake-ravaged China
Summer rains will raise the risk of landslides, avalanches and flooding.
The government appeals for 3.3 million tents for the homeless.
By Barbara Demick
Los Angeles Times Staff Writer
May 23, 2008
BEIJING — The danger is far from over in the mountainous terrain where last
week's earthquake struck, with the risks of landslides, avalanches and flooding
growing as the summer rainy season begins, Chinese officials said Thursday.
The warning came as the death toll from the May 12 quake rose to 55,239,
with nearly 30,000 people still missing. More than 5 million are homeless and
may not be able to rebuild their houses soon, or ever, because of the
instability of the terrain.
"There will certainly be more landslides, new avalanches and mudflows," Yun
Xiaosu, deputy land and resources minister, said at a news conference here. "We
are still having aftershocks, and then next month is the start of the rainy
season."
The grim assessment was based onhigh-resolution satellite photos provided
this week by the US government that show the potential for what are called
"secondary geological disasters."
'Barrier lakes'
Quakes leave the ground fragile and susceptible to landslides. The biggest
danger comes from "barrier lakes," which are formed when a landslide plugs a
river and could easily overflow after a heavy rain or aftershocks.
Chinese geologists who examined the photos detected 34 such lakes. One
particularly large one near the town of Beichuan already has forced the
evacuation of thousands of people living in the potential flood path.
"These lakes pose a very severe risk," said Liu Yuan, an environmental
official with the Land and Resources Ministry.
Altered landscape
The satellite images were provided by the National Geospatial-Intelligence
Agency, according to the US Embassy in Beijing, along with medical and rescue
equipment. Initial photographs were marred by heavy cloud cover, and the Chinese
received another batch two days ago. The images also revealed damage to dams,
reservoirs and hydroelectric plants.
The magnitude 7.9 quake rearranged Sichuan province's already complicated
landscape of rushing rivers, flood-prone valleys and jagged mountains. Even
re-creating roads is a dangerous mission. More than 200 government employees,
most of them with the Transportation Ministry, were entombed in mud by
landslides over the weekend when they tried to clear the rubble from a road near
the epicenter in Wenchuan.
"The devastating phenomenon we see today is a natural consequence of the
earthquake," said Guo Huadong, a geologist withthe Chinese Academy of
Sciences.
"Today's landslide will be the beautiful valley of tomorrow. Mountains are
created this way. It is only unfortunate that this is a place where people
live."
Guo, whose department reviewed the satellite images, said many areas would
be left uninhabitable. Beichuan, where many of the 20,000 residents were killed,
is in a steep valley squeezed between a river and mountain.
"Maybe they can build a memorial there to victims of the earthquake," he
said. "But as far as living there, it is not a wise idea."
An appeal for tents
Housing the homeless is the next priority. The Chinese government appealed
to the international community Thursday for 3.3 million tents, saying that only
400,000 had reached the disaster area. Officials said Chinese factories were
working around the clock to produce tents but could not meet the demand.
The government also has set a goal of building 1 million temporary houses
by August.
In addition to those peopleleft homeless by the quake, many whose homes are
intact have fled or are sleeping outside for fear of the aftershocks. About
20,000 are squeezed into a stadium in the city of Mianyang.
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