四、六级英语阅读长难句
Many critics of Eamily Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic” reading receives more confirmation.2. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier――that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
3. It is true that a high proportion of the newly farmed land was suitable only for grazing and dry farming, but agricultural practices had become sufficiently advanced to make it possible to increase the profitability of farming by utilizing even these relatively barren lands.
4. The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.
5. The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers' claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.
6. In brief, her works neither elevate nor instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries.
7. In the early 1950's, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
8. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law――notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned――that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
9. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)，the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
10. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.
11. Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside；its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent.
12. While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion.
13. This is unlikely to happen, but it warns us that perhaps the most salutary feature of the papyrus scrap is its message of the extreme difficulty of classifying and categorizing rigidly the development of a creative artist.
14. Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.
15. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.
16. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women's economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women’s work.
17. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics.
18. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered "women’s work."
19. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.
20. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women's work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding.
21. Disputes occurred, of course, among those who remained on the rebel side, but the extraordinary social mobility of eighteenth-century American society (with the obvious exception of slaves) usually prevented such disputes from hardening along class lines.
22. Social structure was in fact so fluid―though recent statistics suggest a narrowing of economic opportunity as the latter half of the century progressed―that to talk about social classes at all requires the use of loose economic categories such as rich, poor, and middle class, or eighteenth-century designations like "the better sort."
23. Although undertones of class conflict existed beneath such hostility, the opposition was primarily geographical. Sectional conflict―which also existed between North and South―deserves further investigation.
24. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.
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“四、六级阅读――长难句”中文译文
许多艾米丽?勃朗特的小说《呼啸山庄》的评论家，把小说的第二部分看作一种对比【对照物】，它对第一部分作出评论，即使没有把第一部分逆转，在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的阅读能获得的确认。
2. 史学家Frederick J. Turner在19世纪90年代写到，美国从1870年以来一直在持续发展的农民不满，被加剧了【突然落下，加速】，由于关闭国内边疆【停止西部垦荒】――也就是说，可以利用的新土地被耗尽了，对于美国农业系统的进一步扩展。
3. 确实【让步口气】，很大一部分新开垦的土地只能够用于放牧和旱作，但是【语气上转回来】，农业手段已经非常进步，完全可以增加农业的收入，即使利用这些相对贫脊的土地。
4. 学者和政治家强调，美国边疆消失的假设【观点】，这种强调模糊【掩盖】了变化的巨大重要性，在国际贸易的情况和后果方面发生了变化，在19世纪的后半期。
5. 热泵（heat pump）的使用受到阻碍，主要是因为怀疑广告商的宣称，广告商称，热泵可以产生两个单位的热能，对于所使用的每个单位电能，因此，显然与能量守恒原理相违背。
6. 简而言之，她的作品既没有提高【升华】，也没有说教。这种克制在很大程度上解释了她缺乏普遍的成功，在活着的时候，即使她的艺术天才并没有被完全地否认，被18世纪法国的同时代人。
7. 五十年代早期，研究工业化以前欧洲的历史学家（此处我们把它定义成1300年到1800年这一时期的欧洲），这些历史学家开始，首次以众多的人数，调查工业化以前欧洲人口中的大多数，而不是那些百分之二或三的人口，这些人构成了政治和社会的精英：国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方巨头，正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充满了历史书籍。
8. 伊斯兰法是一种现象，它如此不同于所有其它法律形式――当然，虽然存在大量的而且不可避免的巧合【相同内容】，对于其它法律，当考虑到主题内容和有正面性的法规时候――以致于对它进行研究是不可缺少的，为了充分理解有可能的法律现象的全部范围。
9. 尽管从历史角度看，犹太法律有一个明显的中断，在古代以色列君主国家与流散时期（犹太人四处流散，在以色列被征服后），但是，法律内容的精神在《旧约全书》后面部分中，非常类似于《犹太法典》，后者是流散时期犹太法律的主要法典。
10. 伊斯兰教，在另一方面【相反方面】，代表着一种本质上的决裂，与过去存在的阿拉伯异教信仰；伊斯兰法是考察的结果，从宗教的角度，对法律的主题内容，这些内容远远不是统一的，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家法律的各种因素，以及由被征服土地上非阿拉伯民族的大量法律因素所构成。
11. 犹太法受到社会凝聚力的支持，由于外界的压力而强化；它的法规直接表现了这种凝聚力的感情，倾向于调和【住宿】不同意见。
12. 尽管新的学说看起来几乎肯定是正确的，但是这张莎草纸的碎片还是引起了恐慌，即另一块碎片有可能被挖掘出来，证明，比如说，《妇女》是一部作者死后出版的《Danaid四部曲》的作品，曾经打败了索福克勒斯，上述情况将把创作年代再一次抛到极度混乱之中。
13. 这种情况不大可能发生，但是它警告我们，莎草纸碎片最有帮助的特征是它所表达的信息，要想对一个有创造性的作家的发展过程做出划分和归类是极为困难的。
14. 传统上来讲，风媒传粉一直被看作是一个繁殖过程，它以随机事件为标志，在此过程中，风的奇怪行为被大量花粉的产生所补偿，因此，最终新种子的产生被保证，是依靠产生的花粉数量要大大超过实际的使用量。
15. 因为，潜在的危险，花粉粒在长途运输中所要遭受的潜在危险是巨大的，风媒传粉的植物，按上述观点来看，补偿了在偶然事件中伴随产生的花粉损失，通过的优点是，生产出的花粉数量比那些依靠昆虫传粉的植物所产生的花粉数量大一到三个数量级。
16. 他们得出结论，这些戏剧性的技术创新，比如纺织机、缝纫机、打字机、以及真空吸尘器，并没有产生相同的戏剧性的社会变化，在妇女的经济地位方面，或者在普遍的对妇女工作的评价方面。
17. 工业革命期间，雇佣年轻妇女到纺织厂工作，这在很大程度上是一种延伸，雇佣年轻的、单身女性作为女佣人这种古老模式的延伸。
18. 不是办公室技术的改变，而是秘书工作的分离，过去秘书工作被看作是新来的经理们的一种学徒一样的实习，从管理工作中分离，在十九世纪八十年代，产生了新的一种“没前途”的职业，从此以后，被认为是“女人的工作。”
19. 二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外工作的人数不断增加，这与家务的机械化以及这些妇女空闲时间的增加没有多大关系，地是与妇女自身的经济需要以及较高的结婚率有关，较高的结婚率使能雇佣的单身妇女的总量减少，过去，在多数情况下，（单身女性）是唯一被雇佣的妇女。
20. 但是，从根本上来讲，妇女的工作状况几乎没有变化，从工业革命之前一直到现在：按照性别区分的职业，对妇女整体较低的工资，工作，要求相对比较低的技能，并且几乎不给妇女提供晋升的机会的工作，上述三点仍然存在，同时，妇女的家务劳动仍然要求很高。
21. 当然，争吵还会发生在造反派之间，争执在所难免，但是，十八世纪美国社会的巨大流动性（很明显除了奴隶之外）经常可以阻止这些争吵沿着阶级路线恶化。
22. 社会结构事实上是如此具有流动性――尽管最近的数据表明，存在一个越来越狭窄的经济机会，随着该世纪后半期地发展――以致于要谈论社会阶层的话，就必须采用一些模糊的经济分类，比如富人、穷人、和中产阶级，或者十八世纪的名称，象“比较好的一类”。
23. 尽管，在这种敌对态度下面存在阶级冲突的低音（不太明显），但是这种对抗主要是地区性的。地区性冲突――也存在于北方与南方之间――值得进一步研究。
24. 但是，那些强调完成（实现）的历史学家，殖民者之间普遍一致意见的实现，这些历史学家不能够完全理解那种一致意见，如果不明白，冲突是被克服或者压制之后，为了达成一致意见。
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