民权革命推动者：瑟古德.马歇尔
民权革命推动者Thurgood Marshall生于: 1908年7月2日
死于: 1993年1月24日
瑟古德.马歇尔是第一位担任美国最高法院大法官的非裔美国人，他从1967年开始在最高法院服务、直到1991年退休为止;在任此职之前，马歇尔担任「全国有色人种协进会」(NAACP)的律师，协助1954年废除种族隔离政策的案件
-「布朗控诉投陴卡教育局案」(Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas) -
赢得胜诉;他终其一生都致力于运用法律争取公民权和社会正义。
瑟古德.马歇尔是美国20世纪的一位英雄：他承接并胜诉的"布朗诉教育委员会案"导致美国废除了种族隔离法。他后来成为美国最高法院法官，始终致力于增进包括少数族裔、妇女和移民在内的全体美国人的权利。
Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American jurist
and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United
States. Before becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his
high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in
Brown v. Board of Education. He was nominated to the court by President Lyndon
Johnson in 1967.
Early life
Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 2, 1908, the
great-grandson of a slave. His original name was Thoroughgood, but he shortened
it to Thurgood in second grade because he disliked spelling it. His father,
William Marshall, who was a railroad porter, instilled in him an appreciation
for the Constitution of the United States and the rule of law. Additionally,
as a child in Baltimore, he was punished for his school misbehavior by being
forced to write copies of the Constitution, which he later said piqued his
interest in the document.
Marshall was married twice; to Vivian "Buster" Burey from 1929 until her
death in February 1955 and to Cecilia Suyat from December 1955 until his own
death in 1993. He had two sons from his second marriage; Thurgood Marshall,
Jr., who is a former top aide to President Bill Clinton, and John W. Marshall,
who is a former United States Marshals Service Director and since 2002 has
served as Virginia Secretary of Public Safety under Governors Mark Warner and
Tim Kaine.
Law career
Marshall received his law degree from the Howard University School of Law
in 1933 where he graduated first in his class. He then set up a private
practice in Baltimore. The following year, he began working with the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Baltimore. He won
his first major civil rights case, Murray v. Pearson, 169 Md. 478 (1936). This
involved the first attempt to chip away at the Plessy v. Ferguson decision, a
plan created by his co-counsel on the case Charles Hamilton Houston. Marshall
represented Donald Gaines Murray, a black Amherst College graduate with
excellent credentials who had been denied admission to the University of
Maryland Law School because of its separate but equal policies. This policy
required black students to accept one of three options, attend: Morgan College,
the Princess Anne Academy, or out-of-state black institutions. In 1935, Thurgood
Marshall argued the case for Murray, showing that neither of the in-state
institutions offered a law school and that such schools were entirely unequal to
the University of Maryland. Marshall and Houston expected to lose and intended
to appeal to the federal courts. However, the Maryland Court of Appeals ruled
against the state of Maryland and its Attorney General, who represented the
University of Maryland, stating "Compliance with the Constitution cannot be
deferred at the will of the state. Whatever system is adopted for legal
education now must furnish equality of treatment now". While it was a moral
victory, the ruling had no real authority outside the state of Maryland.
Thurgood Marshall Award
The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico instituted in 1993 the annual
Thurgood Marshall Award, given to the top student in civil rights at each of
Puerto Rico's four law schools. The awardees are selected by the United States
territory's Attorney General and includes a $500 monetary award.
Death and legacy
Marshall died of heart failure at the National Naval Medical Center in
Bethesda, Maryland, at 2:58 p.m. on January 24, 1993 at the age of 84. He is
buried in Arlington National Cemetery.His second wife and their two sons
survived him.
Marshall left all of his personal papers and notes to the Library of
Congress. The Librarian of Congress, James H. Billington, opened Marshall's
papers for immediate use by scholars, journalists and the public, insisting that
this was Marshall's intent. The Marshall family and several of his close
associates disputed this claim. The decision to make the documents public
was supported by the American Library Association. A list of the archived
manuscripts is available.
There are numerous memorials to Justice Marshall. One is near the Maryland
State House. The primary office building for the federal court system, located
on Capitol Hill in Washington D.C., is named in honor of Justice Marshall and
contains a statue of him in the atrium. In 1976, Texas Southern University
renamed their law school after the sitting justice. In 1980, the University
of Maryland School of Law opened a new library which they named the Thurgood
Marshall Law Library. In 2000, the historic Twelfth Street YMCA Building
located in the Shaw neighborhood of Washington, D.C. was renamed the Thurgood
Marshall Center. The major airport serving Baltimore and the Maryland suburbs of
Washington, DC, was renamed the Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood
Marshall Airport on October 1, 2005.
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