独立主格与独立成分的异同（二）
有些分词短语的形式是固定的，不受上下文影响，可以独立存在，因此被称为独立成分。它并不表示句子主语的动作，而是表示说话人的态度，它在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法或固定短语，用来修饰整个句子。
这些短语有：Generally speaking (总的说来)，Frankly/properly speaking (坦率/恰当地说)，Judging from/by (从……判断)，Supposing (假设)，taking… into consideration(考虑到)等等。
① Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
② 总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。
Generally speaking, the novel is not very interesting.
总的来说，这本小说不是很有趣。
③ Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys.
总的来说，女生比男生更谨慎。
④ Talking of travel, have you ever been to Beijing?
说到旅游，你去过北京吗？
④Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
⑤Judging from her face, she must be ill.
从她的脸色看，她一定生病了。
⑤ Judging by her last letter, they are having a wonderful time.
⑥ 从她上封信看,他们过的非常快。
⑦Taking everything into consideration, you should leave.
考虑各种因素，你最好离开。
例题:
____, he seems to be very nervous.
A. Judge from appearance B. Judges from appearance
C. Judged from appearance D. Judging from appearance
（答案解析：答案是D。Judging from…从什么中判断，是一个固定短语。整句话的意思是：从他的外表来看，他似乎很紧张。）
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