独立主格结构的几种基本形式
名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．
黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
3. 名词(代词)+形容词The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．
特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电
脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5. 名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。
6. 名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again．
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back．
每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。
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