雅思写作辅导：议论文段落展开的3种方式
无论雅思托福的议论文写作，都需要对论点进行充分详细的论述，下面的文章，我们就来看一看议论文段落的3中展开方法。在应试型(雅思或新托福等)议论文写作中，通常遵循introduction-
body-conclusion(引言段-主体段-结论段)的“三步曲”。Body(主体)段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。例如一篇满分的雅思作文(9分)必须“presents
a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully
extended and well supported ideas”。这里的“fully extended / well
supported”，必须通过主体段来体现。新托福的满分作文(5分)也要求“is well organized and well developed,
using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or
details”，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。
一般来说，一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段。每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supporting
sentences”。他们共同组成文章的理由段，对全文的论点提供理由支持。建议初学者在练习议论文写作时，必须遵循理由段发展的几个简单原则，这对迅速完成理由段、构建连贯和理由充分的议论文大有帮助。这几个简单原则包括：
1. Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic
sentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph
will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support
the thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement or
reconsider your topic sentences.(每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句)
2. Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for
each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas
stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic
sentence.(支持句必须围绕主题句展开)
根据第2条的原则，我们来看看下面这个主体段：
Hobbies are important for many reasons. First, a hobby can be educational.
For example, if the hobby is stamp collecting, the person can learn about the
countries of the world and even some of their history. Second, engaging in a
hobby can lead to meeting other people with the same interests. A person can
also meet other people by going to the school. Third, a person's free time is
being used in a positive way. The person has no time to be bored or get into
mischief while engaged in the hobby. Finally, some hobbies can lead to a future
job. A person who enjoys a hobby-related job is more satisfied with life.
这段话的topic sentence很明显-“Hobbies are important for many
reasons”，之后的支持句从三方面阐述hobby的重要性(first, second, third)，但段中这句话"A person can also
meet other people by going the
school"与hobby重要的原因没有关系，因此削弱了整个段落的连贯性与统一性，应该被去掉。
3. Add details. To write a more fully developed paragraph, you need to add
details to your supporting ideas. Your details can be facts, examples, personal
experiences, or descriptions.(需要用多种方式提供细节展开段落)
根据第3条的原则，我们来看下面这个段落：
The Smithsonian Institution is worth visiting for a number of reasons. The
Smithsonian Institution comprises various museums that offer something for
everyone. These museums include the National Museum of History and Technology,
the National Aeronautics and Space Museum, the National Collection of Fine Arts,
the National Museum of Natural History, and several others. A person can do more
than just look at the exhibits. For example, in the insect zoo at the National
Museum of Natural History, anyone who so desires can handle some of the
exhibits. The museums provide unforgettable experiences. In climbing through the
Skylab exhibit at the National Aeronautics and Space Museum, I was able to
imagine what it would be like to be an astronaut in space. Movies shown at
regular intervals aid in building an appreciation of our world. In the National
Aeronautics and Space Museum, there is a theater that has a large screen. When
the movie is shown, it gives the viewer the feeling that he or she is in the
movie itself, either floating above the Earth in a hot-air balloon or hang
gliding over cliffs.
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