英语书信写作指导:书信结构及书写款式
书写英语信件要注意下面几点:1.书信结构
英语书信结构一般有以下几个部分组成:
1)信封(envelope)。英语的信封和中文的一样,有三部分组成,即发信人地址、收信人地址和邮票。只不过英语信封的格式除了邮票所贴的位置 (信封的右上角)和中文的一样外,英语信封上要写的发信人和收信人的地址和中文的大不一样。发信人的地址应写在信封的左上角,收信人的地址应写在信封偏中、右偏下处,如下:
Liu Yan-hua
Room 302, No. 48, Yanan Road (M) stamp
Shanghai, 20040
P. R. China
Prof. John Hill
607 North Willington Avenue
West Palm Beach, Florida 33404
U. S. A.
2)信头 (heading),即写发信人的地址和日期(右上角)。信头位于信的最上方,原则上首先按从小到大的顺序(正好与中文书信相反),门牌号码和街名或单位 名占一行(太长可占两行),城镇名和邮政编码占一行,国名占一行。然后是发信日期,它是信头的最后一行,可以写成日月年(英式)也可写成月日年(美式), 如:May8,1996或8May,1996. 必然说明的是,月份要写英文名称,否则有可能产生歧义,如5/8/1996,美国人会理解为1996年5月8日,而英国人则理解为1996年8月5日。
3)信内姓名地址 (inside address),即写收信人的姓名和地址(左上角)。封内地址必须和信封地址一致,否则就是出了差错,收信人此时可将信退回或按封内地址转寄。封内地址的第一行是收信人姓名,第二行职务,从第三行开始写收信人地址,写出法原则上和写发信人地址一样。
4)称呼 (salutation),即写对收信人的尊称(一般用Dear Mr. … ,; Dear Madam Helen,; Dear Miss …,; Dear John,; Dear Professor Smith,等)。称呼应与亲近程度相吻合。最为正式的也是最不亲近的称呼为Dear Sir(英国用)或Dear Genteman(美国用),一般用于给政府机关、官员的公函中,或用于首次往来的商业书信中。比较熟识的人由应称他的姓,最随便也是最亲近的称呼是直呼其名,一般用于亲 朋好友,但应注意,称姓时只称姓,不要又称名,而称名时 不要加Dr或Mr. 如某人全名为William.另外,如果对方为女性却不知应称Mrs.还是Miss时可称Ms.。称呼后面的标点英国人习惯用逗号,而美国人习惯用冒号(亲朋好友之间可用逗号)。称呼直接写在收信人地址的正下方,中间空一至二行。称呼后面的标点一般 只能用逗号。 以上信头、信内姓名和地址三部分的结构如下:
Liu Yan-hua
Room 302, No 48, Yanan Road (M)
Shanghai 200040
P. R. China
June 22, 2002
Prof. John Hill 607
North Willington Avenue
West Palm Beach, Florida 33404
U. S. A.
Dear Professor Hill,
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
注:如果是相当熟悉和随便的朋友之间,因为彼此都知道对方的地址,故信头和信内的地址常常省略。
5)正文 (body),即信件内的主要内容,是信的主体,和中文书信的要求一样,正文的内容要主题突了出、层次清楚、语言简洁、表达准确。如果正文很长需要几张信 纸联页时,则应在每张联页左上端都注明页数和收信人名称,如:Mr.WilliamJ.Hall。正文第一句句子一般和称呼之间空一至二行。
6)信尾客套语 (complimentary close),即写信人在信的右(或左)下角,写上表示自己对收信人一种礼貌客气的谦称,相当于文中书信最后的“祝好”、“致礼”之类的话语。如:Best wishes。
7)信尾签名 (signature),即亲笔签上写信人自己的姓名,如:Sincerely,; Sincerely yours,; Yours sincerely,; Friendly yours,; Truly yours,; Yours truly,; Cordially yours,; Yours cordially,。如果是用打字机或电脑写的信,在写信人签名的上方,同样应该打上写信人的姓名。
除以上七个部分外,有时一些英语书信还包括:
(1)附件 (Enclosure),以Enc. 表示,如“附有……证明”应写为Enc…Certificate;
(2)再启(附言) (Postscript),一封信写完了,突然又想起遗漏的事情,这时用P.S.表示,再写上遗漏的话即可,要长话短说。通常在信末签名下面几行的左方, 应于正文齐头。注意:在正式的信函中,应避免使用附言表示;
(3)抄送件(Carbon Copy to…),以c.c. 表示,说明一式多份抄送其他有关人员。这些都是次要的补充部分。P.S. 主要在私人信件中使用,事务信件中应避免使用,以免造成写信人粗心大意的印象。Enc.和c.c.大都用在商贸信函中。
2.书写款式
英语书信的款式一般有两种:齐头式 (Block Style) 和折衷式 (Semi-Block Style)。齐头式常常在商贸、官方以及一些正式的信件中使用,以显示信件内容的严肃性,真实性, 可靠性。而折衷式则显的比较随便,主要用于家人、朋友、私人之间来往的信件。如果两人之间不是第一次通信,相互比较了解,可以省略信内的双方地址。
以下分别介绍齐头式和折衷式信件两种款式。
A: 齐头式信件款式
范文1:
Liu Ping
Box 408
Beijing University
Beijing 100871
P. R. China
July 10, 2002
Director
Dept. of Geology
Columbia University
New York, NY, 10028
U. S. A.
Dear Professor Sullivan,
This is a request for admittance to your University as a visiting scholar. I hope it will be possible for me to take some courses and also do some research work in your department. Our Government will provide me with all traveling and living expenses. Enclosed please find my application and three letters of recommendation, which I hope you will find satisfactory.
Thank you for your kind consideration. I'm looking forward to your earliest reply.
Sincerely yours,
Liu Ping
注:用齐头式信件写信,其正文与称呼之间空一至二行。每段的第一句句子不需要空格,但段与段之间需要空一至二行。齐头式信件的信尾客套话和签名可以有两种款式。第一种写在左下方,这是最常用也是最正式的。另外也可以写在右下方,这种形式则表示写信人与收信人之间的关系比较熟悉随便。
范文2:
December 22, 2002
Dear Mr. Ken,
I arrived at Shanghai yesterday afternoon. My wife and my daughter met me at the airport. They were very much glad that I could come back just before Christmas and the new year's day.
On our way home, I told them a lot about my stay in America, until now they are always encouraging me to tell them some interesting incidents and exciting experiences that I encountered in the State. You know they have never been abroad, and therefore everything may seem strange to them. It is even extremely incredible for them to know that every day we took half an hour drive for our lunch, which is quite natural for ordinary people. My wife and daughter want me to thank you for your gifts to them. My daughter loves the toy dog very much, and she always holds it even when she is sleeping. My wife loves the purse. She feels so proud of owning it, speaks so highly of its quality that she shows it to all her friends.
Anyway, I'm much obliged to you for your hospitality during my stay there, and to your wife, Catherine, especially. She is really a nice young lady, who is kind, frank and generous. With her guidance and instructions, I could visit some places that I had been longing for, find some important materials and learn something in detail about American culture. Meanwhile, I would thank your colleagues for their tremendous help, without which it would have been impossible for me to cope with everything.
I won't come to my office until January 6. We will inform you of our decision about the contract as soon as possible. Please remember me to your wife and two daughters.
Sincerely yours,
Zhou Yan-wen
B: 折衷式信件款式
用折衷式书写信件,其正文与称呼之间空一至二行。第一段第一句的第一个单词必须直接在Dear称呼的下面。以后每段开头都要与第一段第一个字对齐。信尾的客套话和签名都写在右下方。朋友之间写信一般都使用折衷式,而且称呼与正文之间一般不空行。具体款式和要求参见后面的一些信件。
以下是一封折衷式信件:
Li Xiang
Commercial and Trade LMT
Room 606 Park Hotel
No. 18 Nanjing Road (W)
Shanghai 20001
P. R. China
July 20, 2002
Mr. Smith Henkel
Manager of Import Division
Victoria Industries Co.
Flemington 3032
VIC, Australia
Dear Mr. Henkel,
We acknowledge the receipt of your letter and its enclosure of February 10 about thesupply of washing machines.
We regret that it is difficult for us to consider the purchase as our company does not need the item for the time being. We have recorded your quotation of our further use.
Thank you for your kind attention to this reply.
Yours faithfully,
Li Xiang
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