是人皆撒谎 不诚亦有度
Hints:
Dan Ariely
Duke University
North Carolina
主持&翻译&注释：dramatic150
校对：cryforwhat
答疑：liuczhihttp://t1.g.hjfile.cn/listen/201206/201206240906465476118.mp3We all like to think we are honest people. But everyone listening to this programme is a liar and a cheat. Now you may bristle at such a claim but I can make it with certainty because all of us lie about some things sometimes, or at least, that's what the behavioural economist Dan Ariely believes. He says the assumption made by most economists that people behave rationally, balancing the costs and benefits of different courses of action is simply wrong. Mr Ariely who is a professor at Duke University in North Carolina told me that a series of experiments he's conducted over a decade reveals a very different set of motivations.
"When you look at the opportunities we have every day to cheat and be dishonest and how much stuff we can steal from the office and from friends' homes and so on and, all of those options we don't take, it's kind of really nice - how many opportunities to cheat we don't take."
"Why aren't people more dishonest than I supposed then?"
"Well, there's something that stops us. And what's interesting is what stops us is not the fear of being caught, it's not the probability of being caught, and it's not the sentence that we might get in prison and so on. What stops us is an internal gaze that makes us uncomfortable with dishonesty."
"But hold on a second. The risk of being caught must be a factor in that because it's about self-image, then we're gonna be more self-conscious when we think we're gonna be caught, aren't we?"
"So in experiments that we've run, when we change the consequences of being caught, we don't see much effect on behaviour."我们都容易觉得自己是诚实的人，但其实这期节目的每个听众都撒谎，都是骗子。现在你听到这个断言可能会勃然大怒，但是我之所以可以肯定地这样说，是因为我们所有人都有时会在某些事情上说谎——至少行为经济学家丹·艾瑞里是这么认为的。他说，大多数经济学家的假定是人们的行为是理性的，会去平衡不同行为得与失。而艾瑞里认为这种假定就是错的。艾瑞里先生是美国北卡罗莱纳州杜克大学的教授。他告诉我，他在十年里进行了一系列实验。这些实验让他发现人们行为的动机和那些经济学家的假设完全不一样。
“当你审视一下我们每天有多少机会去撒谎，有多少可能当不诚实的人，有多少东西可以从办公室、朋友家等等偷走，而我们却没有那么做的时候，你会发现这其实很不错了——我们可以有那么多机会骗人，却没有使用这样的机会。”
“人们为什么没有我想象得那么不诚实？”
“嗯，有某种因素阻止了我们那样做。有趣的是，阻止我们的并不是对被抓住的恐惧，也不是被抓住的可能性，甚至不是我们可能会进监狱这样的判决，更不是很多我们推断的原因。阻止我们的是内心的一把标尺，那让我们一旦不诚实就会不舒服。”
“可是，停一秒钟。被抓住的风险性肯定是阻止我们撒谎的因素之一，因为这和个人形象有关。既然如此，那么我们一旦想到会被抓住，就会更自觉一些，不是么？”
“在我们的实验中，我们改变了被抓住的结果，但是没看到对行为有什么影响。”
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