语法学习：代词
内 容 提 要代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词，它们在句子中承担不同的功用。
I人 称 代 词
一、主格人称代词有I, we, you, he, she, they, it，主格人称代词就是在句中充当主语和表语的代词
1) Archibald Motley’s artistic talent was apparent by the time him enrolled in high school.
2) Legends often contain an element of fact， but sometimes it is totally untrue.
3) Unlike road vehicles， Hovercrafts have no physical contact with the surface over which them travel.
二、宾格人称代词有me, us, you, him, her, them, it，宾格人称代词即在句中充当宾语(含介词宾语)的代词
4) Let you and I promise that we shall always dare to do what is right.
5) Most of we know that conductors direct their orchestras with a baton， but how many are aware that they also direct with their faces， hands ， and shoulders?
三、例题解析
1) C错。him是宾格，而此处却需要作主语的人称代词，故应将him改为主格he。
2) C错。 改为they are。C处代替的是“Legends”而不是“an element”。
3) D错。them也是宾格，应改用主格they，作定语从句中的主语，谓语为travel。
4) A错。 改为me。
5) A错。改为宾格us，因为前面是介词of，us作其宾语，故用宾格。
II物 主 代 词
一、表示人的物主代词用my, our, your, his, her和their，指无生命的东西用its(但指国家时一般用she或her)，它们在句中作定语
1) A scientist bases its work on hypotheses that have been checked through careful experimentation.
2) Crude rubber is an elastic(有弹性的) solid with a specific gravity of 0.911 and a refractive index(折射率) of 1.591， though it composition varies with different latexes(橡浆) as well as with the way it is prepared at the plantation.
3) Manufacturers of consumer goods often change the styles of them products.
二、名词型物主代词能作表语(It's theirs)、主语(Mine is there)、宾语(I don't like hers)，与of连用可以作定语(the food of theirs)。
三、例题解析
1) A错。 改为his。
2) B错。 改为its。
3) D错。 改为their。
III反 身 代 词
一、反身代词有myself, ourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself。主语与宾语为同一人或物时，要用反身代词(否则就不能用反身代词)，反身代词也可放在名词或代词(主格)后面(也可放在句尾)起强调作用
1) All the scouts(童子军) got theirselves ready for the long camping trip by spending their weekends living in the open.
2) Various animals have shells that keep themselves from growing beyond a certain size.
3) Benjamin Banneker’s aptitude in mathematics and knowledge of astronomy enabled himself to predict the solar eclipse of 1789.
4) The president announced that he himself would act upon the evidence as presented to himself by the congressional committee.
5) Garrett Morgan died in Cleveland， Ohio， the city that had awarded himself a gold medal for his devotion to public safety.
6) Plants rid them of excess water through transpiration， the evaporation of extra moisture from their leaves.
7) When Jonathan went to Spain with his sister， he bought a leather coat for her and another for him .
二、例题解析
1) B错。 改为themselves。
2) B错。B处明显指代animals，而它前面的主语that却指代shells，也就是说“that”和“themselves”指的不是同一事物。由于主语与宾语不是同一物，故不能用反身代词，应改为宾格them。
3) C错。本句的主语为aptitude，而非Benjamin Banneker(在这里它作aptitude的定语)，而C处的代词却指上文提到的人名“Benjamin Banneker”，由于主语与宾语并非指同一人，故不能用反身代词，应改用宾格him。
4) D错。 改为to him。动词“presented”的(逻辑)主语是“evidence”，而不是A处的“he，”所以D“himself”处与C处“presented”的主语“evidence”不一致，所以不能用反身代词。
5) B错。 改为him。同上。
6) A错。此处的them指主语plants，rid是及物动词，由于主语与宾语指同一物，故应使用反身代词themselves。
7) D错。 改为for himself。
IV 不 定 代 词
一、“every”(每一个)只作为定语使用，即必须在其后加上单数可数名词构成名词短语，它不可与everyone(每一个)混淆。 everyone相当于名词，它不可修饰其他名词，只作主语或宾语
1) Every knows that hospitals are institutions where the sick are treated， but how many realize that they were once homes for the indigent and the friendless ?
2) Everyone child in the United States must receive some form of educational instruction .
二、“much”和“many”分别修饰不可数名词和可数名词，可作为代词(如much of)和形容词使用
3) Food seasoning plays an important role in the cooking customs of much cultures in the world.
4) The general sales tax has been a major source of income for state governments， much of which derive more than half of their budgets from it.
5) Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn.
三、 “some”和“any”是表示不定数量的代词，相当于汉语的“一些”，作定语可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词，其中some(包括它的合成词something,someone, somebody)多用于肯定句，而any(包括它的合成词anything, anyone, anybody)则用于疑问句和否定句中，其中any在否定句中相当于汉语中的“任何”;形容词修饰something, someone, somebody, anything, anyone, anybody, nothing, nobody时，形容词要放在这些词的后边
6) Historians have never reached some general agreement about the precise causes of the Civil War in the United States.
四、“another”和“other”分别表示“另外的一个”(an+other)和“另外的”“其余的”意思，可以用作定语修饰名词或单独作主语与宾语，其中前者只用来修饰或指代单数可数名词，后者修饰单复数名词和不可数名词，二者不能相互混淆
7) Lizards lack the built?in body temperature control many another creatures possess .
8) Some bacterium are extremely harmful， but anothers are regularly used in producing cheeses， crackers， and many other foods .
9) Like most another art forms， the Greek tragedy had its origins in religious observances.
五、one与other “one”作为代词代替前面提到的人或物，它前边加the; “other”作代词修饰复数名词。 “one…another”表示“一个…另一个”的意思，或表示多个(三者以上)之中的“另一个”，“又一个”; “one…the other”表示两者之中剩下的“另一个，又一个”
10) I’d like to buy a coat similar to one you are wearing .
11) Though Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight vision in another ， he became an internationally renowned jazz musician.
六、 “few”和“little”两者分别为“many”和“much”的反义词，表示“少，很少”的意思，有否定含义，即等于“几乎没有”，如若表示肯定的含义，则应在little和few前加不定冠词“a”，即变为“a few”和“a little”
12) Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear image， most non?prefessional photographs demand few equipment.
七、 “a great deal (of)” (大量)只作为限定语修饰不可数名词或在句中指代不可数名词作主语或宾语
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