电子书时代，图书馆的未来在哪里(有声)
The Future Of Libraries In The E-Book AgePedestrians walk past the main building of the New York Public Library. But will they be going in to check out books in the future?
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MICHELE NORRIS, host: A lot of attention has been paid to the way bookstores and publishing companies are managing the e-book revolution. But far less has been paid to the role of libraries. When Harper Collins recently announced a new policy that would limit the number of times its e-books can be borrowed, it sparked a larger conversation about the future of libraries in the digital age.
NPR's Lynn Neary has the story.
LYNN NEARY: You don't have to go anywhere near a library to check out an e-book. You can download it onto your digital device in a matter of seconds. And there's no more pesky(讨厌的，烦人的) overdue(过期的) notices. The e-book simply disappears from your device when your time is up.
Mr. ELI NEIBURGER (Director for IT and Production, Ann Arbor District Library): The fact is that with a digital item, if you give it to somebody, you still have it. It doesn't have to come back.
NEARY: Eli Neiburger is the director for IT and production at the Ann Arbor District Library in Michigan.
E-books, says Neiburger, are really digital files, but libraries and publishers are still trying to deal with them as if they're just like print books. And they're trying to do business the way they have always done business.
Mr. NEIBURGER: Part of the models we've seen so far are still trying to force 20th century business models onto digital content. And any digital native says: What, you mean I have to wait to download an e-book? What sense does that make? And they're off to the Kindle store to spend, what, you know, $3.99 or $4.99 or $9.99 to get that same book.
NEARY: In the current climate, libraries worry they'll become obsolete. Publishers are afraid they won't be able to make any money. That's why Harper Collins came up with a new e-book policy, which says its e-books can only be checked out 26 times before they have to be re-purchased. Leslie Hulse, a senior vice president at Harper Collins, says publishers have to place some limitations on the way libraries loan e-books.
Ms. LESLIE HULSE (Senior Vice President, Harper Collins): So I think the tension is, at the extreme, we could be making a book available to one national library on a simultaneous access model in perpetuity. And what that would mean is that everyone in the country could check out that book for free at any time, and that's not a sort of a commercially viable(可行的) solution.
NEARY: Harper Collins may have raised the ire(忿怒) of librarians around the country with their new e-book policy, but Christopher Platt, director of collections and circulation at the New York Public Library, says the move has also stimulated a lot more public discussion about the future of libraries and e-books.
Mr. CHRISTOPHER PLATT (Director of Collections and circulation, New York Public Library): The Harper Collins limit of 26 checkouts per item isn't going to stick. It's going to develop into something new. And Harper, to their credit, is very engaged with libraries and reaching out to them now to see really what would work.
NEARY: Platt has his own ideas about what might work for the future. He says libraries use intermediaries(中间人，媒介物) to manage both their physical and digital book collections. He thinks libraries could work with these intermediaries to develop subscription packages of e-books. Libraries would pay the publishers for these subscriptions and use them as they see fit.
Mr. PLATT: So I'd buy a title with 1,000 uses, right, and then it's up to us and our readers, the library readers, whether those 1,000 uses get used simultaneously in the first few days or whether they're drawn out over time. And then if they do get used very quickly, we'll buy more.
NEARY: Eli Neiburger has a more radical idea. He thinks libraries could deal directly with content providers.
Mr. NEIBURGER: The goal of the library is to obtain the ability to distribute content to its public. And if we can do that easier and more cheaply with the rights-holder or the artist themselves, and they make more money on it, you know, it may be heretical(异端邪说的) but, you know, the future usually is.
NEARY: That idea has potential, says Christopher Platt, but it may not be practical in the long run.
Mr. PLATT: In some scenarios, that will happen, and that will grow. You will see more original content coming into library collections going forward, and I think that's a wonderful thing, especially if libraries play a role in the creation of that content. But on a regular matter of just ordering at scale the number of e-books that we add to our collection, that's a very difficult thing to manage.
NEARY: From the traditional to the visionary, the conversation about libraries in the digital age has begun in earnest. Roberta Stevens, president of the American Library Association, wants more publishing companies to get involved in the conversation because at the moment some publishers aren't even willing to sell e-books to libraries.
Libraries may be able to survive without those books now, says Stevens, but in the future a lot of books will only be available electronically.
Mr. ROBERTA STEVENS (President, American Library Association): When we look at the future, then we have to really think very seriously about what is our role. And how can we actually serve the millions and millions of people who use our public libraries every day if we can't even get access to titles?
NEARY: Libraries have always been thought of as a kind of temple of books, a place you can go to for peace and quiet, a place to read and think. They're an intricate(错综复杂的) part of the fabric that pulls a community together. But if they are to be relevant in the future, they'll have to make space for themselves in the digital community, as well.
Lynn Neary, NPR News, Washington.
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电子书发展小历史
问：世界上第一本电子书是什么内容？距离现在有多久？
答：1971 年，Michael S. Hart 启动了古腾堡计划(Project Gutenberg)，由志愿者参与，努力将文字作品做成电子文档，并鼓励发行电子书。世界上第一本电子书就是美国的《独立宣言》。而 1971 年，也是第一封电子邮件诞生的时间。
从 1971 年到 2011 年，表面上看电子书经历了 40 个春秋，实际上它的突飞猛进还是在最近 10 年。特别是从 2000 年掌上 PDA 普及以来，才使得电子阅读成为广大用户的基本需求。
Paul Biba 整理了一份图表，显示出 40 年间电子书产业的重大事件和数据统计，非常有价值。
在八九十年代，互联网还没有爆发，少数商家试图用软盘和光盘的形式传播电子书，但效果有限。到了 1998 年，出现了专用的电子书阅读设备：Rocket Ebook 和 SoftBook。当时 Rocket Ebook 重量为 627 克，内置 4MB 闪存，可以储存约 3200 页的电子书，通过串口和红外口跟电脑通信。
而 Softbook 比较夸张，重达 1.3 公斤，采用 LCD 触摸屏，内置一个 Modem ，不需要电脑就能自己拨号上网下载书籍。
此后，电子书市场越来越受到出版商的重视，在 2000 年，畅销书作家史蒂芬·金(Stephen King)的新作《骑弹飞行》(Riding the Bullet)首次发表电子版，在 24 小时内就被下载了 40 万次。
在 2007 年，亚马逊(Amazon)发布了电子阅读器 Kindle ，并开放了电子书商店，超过 9 万部正版图书上架，其中有不少畅销书，颇受好评。
2007 年，一部 Kindle 售价 399 美元。
2009 年，一部 Kindle 2 售价 359 美元。
2010 年，一部 Kindle 3 售价 139 美元。
在去年，苹果也加入了电子书大潮，发布了 iPad 平板电脑，并开放 iBooks 商店。同年，Google eBookstore 也开张了，它拥有 300 万种电子书。这个市场终于被引爆流行。
(本文转自电子工程世界：http://www.eeworld.com.cn/xfdz/2011/0317/article_4973.html)
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