语法学习：专门为中国人写的英语语法5
【练习五十】选择适当的代名词，如whether, which, what, who, how, when, why等填入下面句子的空格(有时会有多种正确的填法)：
1. I don't know book you bought.
2. Do you know he is from?
3. Please ask him he drinks tea or not.
4. he is thinking about is well known to all of us.
5. Let me guess old you are.
6. May I ask you are so sad?
7. I don't know he is.
8. Do you know house this is?
9. This is not I want.
10. I don't care you want to say.
11§2 以that开始的名词子句
现在我们先试着翻译以下的句子：
地球是圆的是众所周知的事。
一种直接了当的翻译是：
*The earth is round is known to everyone.
遗憾的是，以上的句子是不对，我们必须加一个that到名词子句里去，以下的翻译是正确的：
That the earth is round is known to everyone.
我们再来翻译一个中文句子：
我要求他一定要用功念书。
直接了当的翻译可能像下面的：
*I demand he must work hard.
这是错的，我们应该加一个that在这个名词子句的前面。以下的翻译才是正确的：
I demand that he must work hard.
虽然我们常看到这种that被省略的情形，我们仍希望大家知道，为保险起见，最好不要省掉that。以下是一些例子：
That the sun rises from the west is wrong.(太阳从西方升起是错的)
That a lot of Jews were killed during the Second World War is now a historical fact.
(大批犹太人在第二次大战中被杀是历史上的事实)
I didn't know that he is such a diligent student.(我不知道他是如此勤快的学生)
I demand that you go away.(我要求你离开)
I suggest that you go swimming every morning.(我建议你每天早上游泳)
That we should all respect our parents should be taught to our kids.
(我们该教孩子们尊敬父母)
I don't think that he is a good athlete.(我不认为他是一个好运动员)
Do you think that she is a good actress?(你认为她是一个好的演员吗?)
That he can speak good English helps him.(他能说很好的文，这点对他很有帮助)
I propose that we get married.(我建议我们结婚)
Let us always remember that there are a lot of poor people in the world.
(我们永远记住世界上有很多穷人)
Never forget that we should always love one another.(不要忘记我们应该互相友爱)
I am surprised to find out that he is a Catholic.(我很惊讶地发现他是个天主教徒)
That we lost the game made all of us frustrated.(我们输了，这件事令我们大感沮丧)
I can hardly believe that his English is so good.(我不能相信他的英文如此之好)
【练习五十一】
请将that加到以下句子去：
1.*I told you you must leave.
2.*I am glad you are here now.
3.*He is an American is unknown to us.
4.*Can you imagine he is Chinese?
5.*Do you think he is a Chinese?
6.*Hitler was defeated in the Second World War is an important event in the history of mankind.
7.*I do not think he is a bad student.
8.*I am surprised to know she is from Japan.
9.*It is hard to imagine he does not have a high school diploma.
10.*Do you believe he is innocent?
11.*I demand my students they work hard.
12.*The sun rises in the east is a fact.
【练习五十二】
将以下句子翻译成英文：(用that)
1. 我不相信他是我的哥哥。
2. 我劝(advice)他到美国去。
3. 你相信地球是圆的吗?
4. 我告诉他他一定要读这本书。
5. 我忘记了你是个小孩。
6. 你能相信我会讲英文(speak English)吗?
7. 他没有来令我生气(make me angry)。
8. 我认为他是个好人。
9. 不要忘记世界上有很多穷人。
10. 我知道他教英文。
11. 我从不知道他如此聪明。
12. 我知道他不能来。
13. 我希望他能来。
14. 你相不相信他在台湾长大的?
15. 我无法决定他该不该念大学。
16. 你告诉我他去年到美国了。
17. 这位老师不知道我的爸爸也是老师。
18. 我要问他明天会不会来我家。
19. 你知道这火车到台北吗?
20. 请告诉我你会不会说英文。
11§3 形容词子句(Adjective Clauses)
在上二节，子句都是用作名词的。在这一节，我们要介绍一种新的子句，那就是形容词子句。请看以的中文句子：
位在那房子里的人是我的哥哥。
我们不能直接了当地将以上的句子译成：
*The person live in that house is my brother
第一种办法是将live in the house改成living in the house，也就是说，我们可以将那个中文句子译成下列的形式：
The person living in the house is my brother.
以上的句子中，living in the house是一个词组，我们可以将这个词组改成子句。因此，以下的翻译是正确的：
The person who lives in the house is my brother.
在以上的句子中，who lives in the house是一个子句，因为它有主词，也有动词。他的作用是形容The person，所以是一个形容词子句。
由于形容词子句永远都是在形容一个名词，因此我们在这个子句中必需有一个代名词(pronoun)，像who, when, where, whom等。
以下是一些形容词子句的例子，读者应该弄清楚每一个形容词子句所形容的名词。
The people who live in the country are often very healthy.
(住在乡下的人常常很健康)
Do you like people who always talk about themselves.
(你喜欢那些永远讲他自己的人吗?)
The house which we bought last year is located beside a lake.
(我们去年买的房子座落在湖边)
I met your uncle who has a red car.(我遇见了你的有红色汽车的叔叔)
Do you know the author who wrote this novel?(你知道写这本书的作者吗?)
I have been to the house where Charles Dickens lived.
(我曾去过狄更司住过的房子)
I don't remember the year when the Second World War broke out.
(我不记得二次世界大战哪一年爆发的)
Let me know the date when you got married.(让我知道你是哪一天结婚的)
I bought the car which Michael Johnson drove.(我下了麦克强森开的车子)
The storm which hit India last week is very strong.
(上周袭击印度的暴风雨是很强烈的)
I thank all of you who helped me.(我要谢谢所有帮助过我的人)
The girl whom you met last night works in a library.
(你昨晚碰到的女孩子在一个图书馆里工作)
The students whom you taught like you very much.(那些你教过的学生很喜欢你)
I like the professor who taught me English.(我喜欢那位教我英文的老师)
In this country, there are a lot of students who go to school by bus.
(这个国家有很多学生搭乘公车上学)
Have you heard about the murder case that occurred last night?
(你有没有听到有关昨天晚上发生的谋杀案?)
Those who love others will be loved by others.(爱人者人恒爱之)
He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.(他是大家最近在讨论的人)
The party which I went to is interesting.(我去参加的宴会很有趣)
The professor whom I spoke to is very friendly.(这位我和他谈话的教授很和善)
Russia, which this island belongs to, is a big country.
(这个岛屿属于俄国，俄国是一个大的国家)
请注意以上最后的四个句子，它们有一个共同的特性，那就是子句的最后一个字是一个介系词(preposition)，我们先看第一个句子：
He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.
这一句话可以分成两个句子来讲
He is a person.
Everyone is talking about him these days.
因此我们将这两句话合并而成为
He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.
在正式的英文中，我们必须说：
He is a person about whom everyone is talking these days.
再看下一句：
The party Which I went to is interesting.
这句话也可以分成两句来讲：
The party is interesting.
I went to the party.
因此我们将两个句子合并为一个句子：
The party which I went to is interesting.
正式的讲法应该是
The party to which I went is interesting.
同理，在正式英文中，其它二个名词子句中的介系词，也应该放到前面去：
The professor to whom I spoke is very friendly.
Russia, to which this island belongs, is a big country.
我们还有一点必须在此指出，请看以下错误的句子：
*I like the book which you gave it to me.
以上句子中的it是多余的，因为gave的受词是which，不需要加it。
以下的句子都是错的：
*He is the person whom everyone loves him.
*He is not the person whom you saw him.
【练习五十三】
将以下句子译成英文：(用形容词子句)
1. 我见到那位开快车的孩子。
2. 我们在讨论那些有问题的学生。
3. 每天游泳的人一定很强壮。
4. 开车送我去火车站的人是我的学生。
5. 你所看到的女孩子是我的妹妹。
6. 我喜欢你所写的诗。
7. 你们谈到的那位教授是我的哥哥。
8. 你们所听到的音乐是蓝调韵律(R & B)。
9. 我喜欢那些有图画的书。
10. 我不知道林肯在哪一个城市出生的。
11. 我很喜欢你送我的CD。
12. 我昨晚看的电影很无聊(boring)。
【练习五十四】
改错：
1.*I saw the man who you talked about.
2.*He is not the man who we met.
3.*Those cry very often are usually not liked.
4.*I like to talk to people which are friendly.
5.*I enjoy reading the book which you gave it to me.
6.*Do you know the person which every one knows?
7.*Peter is a good singer practices singing everyday.
8.*Do you know Peter who we talked about?
9.*Did you see the person who I spoke to?
10.*I have seen the person whom we talked about him.
【练习五十五】
将代名词如when, where, which等填入空格：
1. He is the man is very good in English.
2. I don't know the person you talked to.
3. This is not the house the president lives.
4. I do not like any one cries frequently.
5. Did you read the book you bought last month?
6. Do you know the year the Second World War ended?
7. Do you know that student I taught?
8. I have no idea about the person you are talking about.
9. Do you know he is talking about?
10. Do you know dress it is?
第十二章 冠词(Articles)
假设我们要翻译以下的中文句子：
他是聪明的孩子
也许我们会将以上的句子翻译成以下的句子：
* He is clever baby.
这种翻译是错的，boy的前面，必须有一个冠词，英文冠词只有两个：a和the，在这个例子，我们应该加a，因此正确的翻译是：
He is a clever boy.
我们现在再看以下的中文句子：
他是昨天来看我的孩子。
以下的翻译是错的：
* He is boy who came to see me yesterday.
为什么错呢?仍然是在于boy前面没有冠词，这次我们必须加the，正确的翻译是：
He is the boy who came to see me yesterday.
一般来说，英文句子的单数名词前面都会有冠词，没有冠词是例外，以下的句子都是错的：
* He saw cat.
* Swimming is good exercise.
* Java is computer language.
* King of England died last night.
* He is professor who taught me English.
正确的句子是：
He saw a cat.
Swimming is a good exercise.
Java is a computer language.
The King of England died last night.
He is the professor who taught me English.
我们知道大多数的名词前面要加冠词，但究竟要加a，还是the呢?我们在下一节讨论。
12§1 a和the之不同用法
a和the最大的不同，在于a后面的名词不是指定的，而the后面的名词是有所指的。我们不妨看以下的两个句子，他们都是正确的，但意义却不同。
John is a boy.
John is the boy.
〝John is a boy.〞的意思是〝约翰是一个男孩〞，而〝John is the boy.〞的意思就完不同了，我们一定曾经提到过某一个男孩子，而约翰就是那个男孩子。可能的情形是：There is a boy who is very good in mathematics. John is the boy.
我们就以〝国王〞为例，如果我们泛指一般的国王，我们可以用复数，也可以用单数，但必须用a，以下是一些例子：
Kings are also human beings.
Even a king will die sooner or later.
Have you ever met a king ?
I do not like to be a king.
He is an ordinary person, not a king.
如果我们的国王是指某一个特定的国王，就必须用the，举一个例子;如果我们说〝国王万岁〞，我们当然是指我们的国王，因此〝国王万岁〞的翻译就是
Long live the King.
以下的例子都是正确
Here comes the King.
The King is a popular person in our country.
Even the King of England can not come in.
读者应该了解，同类型的句子，可以用a，也可以用the，但意义是完全不同的，请看以下的句子：
He is not a boy who would cheat others.
意思是：
他不是那种会欺骗别人的男孩子。
再看以下的句子：
He is not the boy who cheated in an examination yesterday.
他不是昨天在考试中舞弊的男孩。
再看以下的句子：
He is a King.
意思是〝他是一个国王〞。
如果说
He is the King.
意思就完全不同了，这句话的意思是〝他是我们国家的国王〞。
请注意，世界上国王有好多个，如果我们仅仅说他是一个国王，当然没有指定哪一个国家的国王，就用a king，如果我们用the King意思当然指我们共识中的国王。这时的King中的K必须大写，以示尊敬。
我们再举一个例子：
Please open a window.
是指请开一扇窗子，随便哪一扇都可以。
Please open the window.
就不同了，说这句话的人和听这句话的人一定有一个共识，〝the window〞一定是指某一扇特定的窗子，也许这间房子里只有一扇窗，也可能他们谈话中曾经提到某一扇窗，〝the window〞就是指那一扇窗。
我们可以再举一个例，假如我们说，〝我们需要一场大雨〞，我们说
We need a heavy rain.
如果我们说，〝这场雨好大〞，我们说
The rain is really heavy.
有了这个基本观念以后，我们就很容易了解以下句子中，为什么要用the：
I am going to the train station.
The post office is quite near.
Where is the library?
根据这种原则，当我们提到地球，月亮这种独一无二的东西，就必须用the。
the earth
the sun
the moon
the universe
除此以外，the还有一个特殊的用途，我们可以在the的后面加一个形容词，使这两个字变成了一个名词，举例来说：
the rich=富人
the poor=穷人
the weak=弱者
the deaf=聋人
the blind=盲人
请注意，以上的名词是复数：
The rich always get richer.
The poor are getting poorer.
The blind are often very sensitive to sounds.
以下是一些用a和the的例子，读者应设法了解句子中为何有时用a，有时用the。
He is a student.
He is the student who can swim very well.
I like to be a teacher.
He is the teacher who taught me English.
The president of the United States in an important person in the world.
I have a son and a daughter.
I have two sons. This is the son who will be a doctor.
I want to be a teacher who is loved by students.
He is not the person whom we talked about.
There is a boat in the river.
This is the boat which we can use.
The rain is going to stop tomorrow.
We need a good rain.
The weather is really bad.
Is there a train station near us?
Where is the station?
Do you know where the post office is?
There is a post office inside that building.
The library looks so good.
The rich should pay more taxes.
We should pay more attentions to the poor.
The blind can also study computer science now.
The earth is round.
The sun never sets in the British Empire.
Do you think we can reach the moon?
How large is the universe?
练习【练习五十六】
将下列中文句子译成英文：
1. 他是一个好学生。
2. 他是那位老师都喜欢的学生。
3. 我要做总统。
4. 这是总统。
5. 请打开一扇窗。
6. 中华民国的总统将于明年访问美国。
7. 我要做一个好的工程师。
8. 他是那位我们常常谈到的老师。
9. Java是一个新的计算器语言。
10. 我有一只狗。
11. 他是获大奖的教授。
12. 火车站在哪里?
13. 请告诉我邮局的地址。
14. 这里有邮局吗?
15. 富人常住在城里。
16. 盲人可以用计算机。
17. 太阳在东边升起。
18. 宇宙是非常大的。
19. 为什么我们白天不能看到月亮?
20. 总统几岁?
【练习五十七】
将适当的冠词填入下列的空白：
1. He is student who went to see you.
2. There is river in this area.
3. I don't want to be teacher.
4. He wants to become doctor.
5. No one wants to be beggar.
6. Please open door which opens to the hall.
7. UNIX is computer operating system.
8. WINDOW is only operating system invested by Microsoft.
9. I have dog and two cats.
10. She is teacher who got many prizes.
11. earth is not flat.
12. Is there hotel around here?
13. Where is train station.
14. I really like library.
15. Please give me glass of water.
16. wind is getting stronger and stronger.
17. He is friend of mine.
18. It is hard for poor to go to colleges.
19. He is swimmer who swam across the English Channel.
20. weather is getting colder and colder.
21. This is book which I bought yesterday.
22. I don't like to be professor.
23. I am going to take vacation next month.
24. John will become basketball player.
25. I ride bicycle to work every morning.
12§2 a和an的用法
在英文里，a有时必须用an代替，凡是一个字一开始的发音是元音的话，那么前面就不能用a，而必须用an。例子：
an apple
an answer
an egg
an eye
an island
an idea
an old lady
an odd case
an umbrella
请注意，用an与否并不是完全和字母有关，而是和发音有关。举例来说，u虽然是一个元音字母，但是我们却说a unit，而不能用*an unit，因为unit的一开始发音并非元音。
其它类似的例子有：
a useful car
a university
a uniform
a one-sided opinion
反过来说，有些字并不以元音开始，但是却必须用an，因为这些字的第一音节是元音发音，例子：
an honest person
an hour
【练习五十八】
填入a或an
1. He is English Professor.
2. This is easy job.
3. He is just ordinary person.
4. friend in need is friend indeed.
5. Give me hint.
6. I have American friend.
7. I will become engineer.
8. Is he honest boy?
9. hour later, he went away.
10. Is this university library?
12§3 冠词使用时的例外
在以上的两节，我们好像说冠词的使用是有一定规则的，其实不然，例外也不少。在很多情形之下，冠词是要省略的，更麻烦的是，连省略冠词的规则都有例外，应该省的却又不省了。
第一个有关冠词的特殊用法是这样的，假设我们要说〝男生通常不喜欢弹钢琴〞，我们不能说
Boy does not like to play the piano.
而要说
Boys do not like to play the piano.
这时，Boys的前面，是没有冠词的，理由很简单，我们不能加a，因为boys是复数，我们也不能加the，因为boys并没有指定哪一个男孩，也没有指定哪一种男孩。类似的例子有：
Girls are more diligent than boys.
When spring comes, flowers start to bloom.
Dogs are often close to their masters.
Cats are often quite lazy.
Men eat more than women.
Professors are all very smart.
第二个规则有关所谓不可数名词，很多名词是可以数的如：
a cup, two cups
a boy, three boys
a teacher
a student
a boat
an airplane
a glass of water
a cup of tea
可是很多名词是不可数的，以下这些名词都是抽象的，因此不可数
time
love
hatred
pain
joy
sadness
kindness
wisdom
hope
patience
这些抽象名词的前面是不要加冠词的，例子如下：
Time flies.(时间过得很快)
We can not live without love.
Let there be no hatred.
We must be able to endure pain.
Loving others creates joy.
There is sadness in his voice.
Can you feel his kindness?
He has wisdom.
There is hope among us.
I am losing patience.
以上的例子，乃是泛指的事物，如果特定的抽象名词，仍要加冠词。例如：
This is the time to cry.
Do you feel the pain?
There is a hatred towards was in our society.
Everyone can feel the joy of being loved.
We just can not avoid the sadness of losing some loved ones.
He does have the patience to listen to long talks.
It is a virtue not to steal.
还有一些不可数的名词，是所谓的物质名词，像
water
fire
air
metal
tea
coffee
bread
butter
如果这些物质名词泛指一般的东西，前面是不要加冠词的，例如
Drinking water is important.
Don't play with fire.
We need air to breath.
There is metal in this device.
I don't drink tea.
I like coffee.
Father brings bread and butter home every day.
一旦物质名词指特定的东西，前面就要加冠词，例如：
The water in this city is polluted.
There was a fire near our home last night.
The air in this town is getting worse and worse.
Copper is a metal.
The tea from India is very popular in England.
专有名词，一般说来都不要加冠词的：
Mary is from Canada.
John got married last month.
Taiwan is an island.
England is in Europe.
France is a nice country to visit.
Russia is a large country.
Park Street is the main street in this city.
Go to Taipei first.
Sun Moon Lake is a beautiful lake.
January is often very cold here.
Sunday is a day for resting.
Spring is the best season.
Mt. Everest is in Europe.
President Kennedy died when he was young.
King George was considered a mad king.
Queen Elizabeth visited Australia recently.
可惜的是，英文中专有名词仍有要加the的，我们将试着将这些例外写成规则，但这种规则一定挂一漏万，读者如要知道何种情况要加冠词，何种情况不加冠词，惟一的办法是多读英文的文章，慢慢地就会了解什么情形该用冠词，什么情形不用冠词。
哪些专门名词前面仍要加冠词the呢?
(1) 河流，海洋，沙漠，海峡，海湾等等专有名词的前面都要加the。
the Hudson River (赫德森河)
the Rhine River (莱茵河)
the Yellow River (黄河)
the River Thames (泰唔士河)
the Amazon River (亚马孙河)
the Pacific Ocean (太平洋)
the Red Sea (红海)
the Mediterranean Sea (地中海)
the Baltic Sea (波罗的海)
the Atlantic Ocean (大西洋)
the Sahara Desert (撒哈拉大沙漠)
the Gobi Desert (戈壁大沙漠)
the Taiwan Straits (台湾海峡)
the English Channel (英吉利海峡)
the Manila Bay (马尼拉海湾)
the Bay of Tokyo (东京湾)
the Persian Gulf (波斯湾)
(2) 国家的名词中如有of时，要加the
the United States of America
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
the Republic of China
(3) 非常言式的名称，也要加the
the World Bank (世界银行)
the United Nations (联合国)
the Red Cross (红十字会)
the Catholic Church (天主教会)
(4) 帝国，朝代，时代等等专有名词的前面，要加the
the British Empire (大英帝国)
the Ottoman Empire (奥图门帝国)
the United Kingdom (联合王国)
the Byzantine Era (拜占庭时代)
the Chin Dynasty (秦朝)
the Victoria Era (维多利亚时代)
the Hanover Dynasty (汉诺威王朝)
The Renaissance Era (文艺复兴时代)
the Dark Ages (黑暗时代)
(5) 如果提到〝全体〞，就要加the
the Wangs (王家)
the Kennedys (肯尼迪家族)
请注意，Wang和Kennedy都是姓，如果要指全家人，必须在姓氏的后面加s，前面加the。
the Chinese (中国人)
the Americans (美国人)
the Africans (非洲人)
我们说过，一般的专有名词是不要加冠词的，但是有很多其它的名词前面也不要加冠词，以下是一些规则：
(1) 学科一概不加冠词
I do not like mathematics.
He hates geometry.
She teaches us history.
(2) 三餐一概不加冠词
Did you have lunch.
Missing breakfast is bad for your health.
We have had dinner already.
千万记住，如果我们的名词指定某一个特定的时候，就仍要加冠词，以下是一些例子：
I had a happy Christmas lunch with my family.
The dinner you treated me last night was really good.
Did you have a big breakfast?
(3) 假如我们说〝上学〞，〝去教堂〞等等，都不要加冠词，例如
I went to church yesterday.
He goes to church every Sunday.
She is going to college this summer.
Did you go to school last week?
但是如果我们说的是指定的教堂，学校等等，仍要加冠词，例如：
I went to the church at the corner of Park Street yesterday.
The church which I went to when I was young is still there.
I did not go to the college which my father went to.
(4) 语言不要加冠词
English is easy to learn.
There are also grammatical rules in Chinese.
Can you speech Japanese?
但是，我们必须注意语言有另一种表示的方法，例如：
The English language is easy to learn.
There are grammatical rules in the Chinese language.
(5) 运动一概前面不加冠词
Do you play tennis?
I can not play basketball.
I really love soccer.
(6) 动名词前面不加冠词，例如
Swimming is good for you.
I like playing tennis.
Do you enjoy playing piano?
页:
[1]