语法学习：前后呼应
内 容 提 要这一章主要从三个方面讲述。限定词和被限定词之间的呼应，包括冠词与名词、数词与名词、代词与名词之间的关系;主语和谓语的呼应，包括单数情况的呼应和复数情况的呼应，对等成分的前后呼应;还有并列主语与谓语动词的呼应。
I限定词和被限定词间的呼应
一、 冠词与所修饰名词间的呼应
1. 不定冠词a/an表示“一个，一部分”，与之匹配的是名词的单数形式，不管a/an与它所修饰的名词之间有多少个限定成分，都要遵循这一规则
1) A significant proportions of the plants and animals of Hawaii exists nowhere else in the world .
2) The discovery of kerosene and the invention of a glass chimney made possible a greatly improved lamps .
3) Jim Thorpe， a football ，track，and baseball stars from Pennsylvania，is considered by many to be the greatest all?round athlete of modern times.
2. “冠词+表示单概的名词+介词短语或从句(不管介词短语或从句中的名词是单数名词还是复数名词)”，主句的谓语动词都要用单数形式
4) A typical farm in the midwestern United States cover about three hundred acres of fertile prairie land.
5) The Petrified Forest of eastern Arizona are made up of tree trunks that were buried in mud，sand，or volcanic ash ages ago and have turned to stone .
6) Many of the population in the rural areas is composed of manual laborers .
二、 数词与修饰名词间的呼应
1. 可数名词要么与冠词连用，要么用其复数形式，一般不单独使用
7) Thomas Jefferson skillfully organized his supporter in congress into a strong political group.
2. 表示“一”的数词作定语时，用可数名词单数;表示“一”以上的数词作定语时，可数名词用其复数
8) If laid out in a straight line，the human digestive tract(消化道) would measure approximately thirty foot in length .
9) Edna Ferber told the story of her life in two book .
10) Sea turtles date back 100 million year and are the only ancient sea reptiles to survive to the present day.
3. 序数词作定语时，名词用单数形式。这时序数词前常加定冠词the
11) Sodium(钠) is the six most abundant element in the earth’s crust.
12) First incorporated in 1871，Dallas，Texas， had become the seventh largest cities in the United States by 1976.
4. “一以上的基数词+连字符+表示时间(大小、长度、距离、高度等)的名词(+old)作定语”时，名词用单数形式
13 Like some other running birds，the gander(雄鹅) lacks a back toe and has a three?toed feet .
5. much和much of后接不可数名词，而many和many of后接可数名词的复数
14) Food seasoning plays an important role in the cooking customs of much cultures in the world.
15) The bluegrass country around Lexington, Kentucky is the home of much of the world's finest race horses.
6. 表示度和量的词后面有的接可数名词，有的接不可数名词。接可数的名词有：a range of+复数名词，a series of+复数名词， a variety of +复数名词或不可数名词，a number of+复数名词等;可接不可数名词有：an amount of+不可数名词等
16) Two waterfalls within the city limits supply Rochester，New York，with an enormous number of electric power.
17) A wide range of disorder can affect the human muscular system.
18) Institutions of higher learning get their funds from a variety of source .
7. half of +复数名词，其谓语用复数形式(但half+表示程度大小的词用不可数修饰，如as much as half a meter)
19) Nearly half of the ancient meteor(流星) craters(陨石坑) has been found in central and eastern Canada.
20) At birth，an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response .
三、代词与修饰词间的呼应
1. 不定代词与名词的一致 不定代词another修饰可数名词单数，而other则修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词
21) White spots in a person’s fingernail are caused by bruises or other minor injury .
22) Mineral prospectors use their knowledge of geophysics to locate deposits of oil，uranium(铀)， and another valuable minerals.
23) “Cool Jazz” emerged when tenor saxophonist Lester Young， guitarist Charlie Christran，and another musicians made major changes in jazz improvisation.
2. 不定代词much, (a) little, less, least, a great deal/amount of修饰不可数名词; many, (a) few, both则修饰可数名词的复数形式, a great variety of后面接可数名词或不可数名词均可， every, each, one, none则修饰单数名词;all可修饰可数和不可数名词，但修饰可数名词时须用复数
24) At one time many person believed that some forked twigs had supernatural powers .
25) The general sales tax has been a major source of income for state governments， much of which derive more than half of their budgets from it.
26) Electing honest and competent individuals to public office is really the responsibility of every peoples in a democratic society.
3. 人称代词与名词的呼应 人称代词I(me), he(him), she(her), it都是代替前边的单数名词，而they(them), we(us)则是代表复数的，you既可代表单数，也可代表复数，但表示泛指的时候，我们汉语用“我们”来表示，而英语则用“he”或“one”来表示。
27) The leaves of the red maple(槭树) are highly poisonous to horses and when ingested can kill it within fifteen hours.
28) The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Pacific.
29) Mahogany(桃花心木) is often considered the finest cabinet wood because they has most of the qualities desired for furniture making.
4. 物主代词与名词的呼应 my, our, his, her, its, their要与代替的名词在数上一致
30) The welfare department, as well as the other social services, will have budget cut.
their
his
its
our
31) Women have always worked in the United States，and hers work has been indispensable in the expansion of American industry.
32) Dolphins are warm?blooded; that is， its body temperature always stays about the same， regardless of the surroundings .
5. 反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应
33) Behavior modification techniques work best with problems that manifest itself in overt(公开的，明显的) actions .
34) Since the beginning of recorded history humans have been known to seek good health and the means to cure itself of illness.
6. 指示代词与所代名词间的呼应 this和that指代单数名词或不可数名词，而one只指代可数名词单数。these、those和ones指代复数名词(而且those还可作先行词，可以有定语从句，those表示“那些人”)。one…another表示“一个……另一个”;the other表示两者中的另一个;the others表示一个整体中的“另外一些”。one和those后边还可以跟who引导的定语从句，one代替名词单数，those代替名词复数
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