语法学习：从 句
内 容 提 要定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
I 定 语 从 句
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
1) The first doll say “mama”was invented in 1830.
that it could
could it
it could
that could
2) A solar day is the length of time the Earth to revolve once around the Sun.
takes
takes it
which takes
he takes
3) The period during when people learned to melt iron is called the Iron Age.
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
4) The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn.
where
of which
during which
that
5) To travel from England to Hope Corn had taken him nine months, the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish.
when
which
of which
that
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略(见本节“四、关系代词的省略”)
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
6) Henry Ford is the person which is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production.
7) Human beings are social animals whom usually prefer not to live in physical or psychological isolation .
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
8) The Everglades is a beautiful region of southern Florida the primitive past mingles with modern life.
there
where
after
in
9) The knee is the joint the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
when
where
why
which
10) A metropolitan region is defined as a central city and the territory where surrounds it.
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
11) The next morning he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery.
as
when
because
that
12) In a day few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters.
whose
during
when
of
13) Moreover, in the modern age human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.
when
whether
more
ever
[注] 值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. / I still remember the first time I met her. / Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
14) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come.
which
its
that
whose
15) Jackir Mcleans’s recordings have shown that he is one of the few jazz musicians who style of playing has kept pace with the evolution of modern jazz.
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
16) I don't want to concentrate on anything worrying me.
what is
there is
what
there
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
17) Ligaments(韧带)， ， hold organs of the body in place and fasten bones together.
which are fibrous tissues
they are fibrous tissues
fibrous tissues that
are fibrous tissues
18) The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin D. Roosevelt， there on April 12， 1945.
who died
died
while died
he died
19) The first United States citizen to become a professional sculptor was Patience Lovell Wright， which works were executed in wax .
三、定语从句结构错误
1. 缺关系词
20) The adder is a snake has a relatively stout body， a short tail ， and a flat head .
2. 从句中缺成分
21) Traditionally， ethnographers and linguists have paid little attention to cultural interpretations given to silence， or to the types of social contexts in which tends to occur.
四、连接代词的省略
22) Most crocodiles will eat anything capture and overpower.
can
they can
which can
and
五、例题解析
1) D为正确答案。本句中的主句为“The first doll was invented in 1830”，“that could say ‘mama’”为定语从句，修饰主句中的名词(主语)“the first doll”。
2) C为正确答案。
3) A错。during是介词，它后面的关系代词只能用which(指人除外)，which在此处指代“the period”，定语从句为“during which people…iron”，修饰主句的主语“the period”。
4) C为正确答案。
5) C为正确答案。
6) B错。改用who，which只能指物，指人时应用who，本句的定语从句修饰the person，关系代词who在从句中作主语。本句也可改用that，因为that也可用来指人，它可在从句中作主语或宾语，但which则只能指“物”。
7) B错。应改用who，因为这里所指代的是“human beings”，而且在从句中作主语，而whom只能用来作宾语。
8) B为正确答案。空白后是一个定语从句，从句中主谓宾齐全，关系副词where指代上面表示地点的名词region(地方，地区)，相当于in which，即in the region，在从句中作地点状语。
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