英文阅读：冰箱是怎么来的
在现代生活中，冰箱似乎已经是一件必备的家用电器了。炎热的夏季，冰镇的水果或冷饮绝对是多数人的最爱。可是，你知道吗?19世纪中期，冰箱真的只是装冰的箱子哦。By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American
language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary
citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice
was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city
dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),
as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use.
Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore,
and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own
use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a
precursor(前身) of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the
early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was
essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion
that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course
mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.
Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in
blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the
nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation(隔离)
and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been
on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of
Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he
used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found
that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his
competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat,
one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, more explained, was that farmers
would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce
cool.
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