英文阅读：筷子的学问
中国是筷子的发源地，以筷进餐少说已有3000年历史，是世界上以筷为食的母国。筷子看起来只是非常简单的两根小细棒，但它有挑、拨、夹、拌、扒等功能，且使用方便，价廉物美。筷子还是一种艺术品。历代工匠们用勤劳和智慧打造出不同材质的筷子、为筷子穿上美轮美奂的外衣。In much of Asia, especially the so-called "rice bowl" cultures of China,
Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are two long, thin, usually tapered, pieces of wood. Bamboo’s
the most common material, but they are also be made of various types of wood, as
well as plastic, porcelain, animal bone, ivory, metal, coral, agate, and
jade.
During the Middle Ages, aristocrats often favored silver chopsticks since
it was thought that silver would turn color if it came into contact with
poison.
Elegant Craftsmanship
Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Chopsticks can be made of
lacquered wood and covered with artwork. Truly elegant chopsticks might be made
of gold and embossed in silver with Chinese calligraphy. Artisans also combine
various hardwoods and metal to create distinctive designs.
A child's plastic set of chopsticks might feature a cartoon character, such
as Mickey Mouse, while aluminum from recycled cans might find new life as a
lightweight, easy-to-clean pair of chopsticks.
Elaborate Carvings
Chopsticks may be totally smooth or carved or modeled ripples. Silver or
gold paint can be used to give them a rough texture. In Thailand, wood is often
elaborately carved into chopsticks. The ends of chopsticks can be rounded or
squared, while the tips can be blunt or sharp.
"Fork chops" are chopsticks for insecure Westerners and feature chopsticks
at one end and forks and knives at the other, just in case the user can't manage
during the meal.
Some believe Confucius championed chopsticks over knives, which would
remind people of slaughterhouses.
Confucius Promotes Non-Violence
The Chinese have been using chopsticks for five thousand years. People
probably cooked their food in large pots, using twigs to remove it. Overtime, as
population grew, people began chopping food into small pieces so it would cook
more quickly. Small morsels of food could be eaten without knifes and so the
twigs gradually turned into chopsticks.
Some people think that the great scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly
551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks. A vegetarian,
Confucius believed knives would remind people of slaughterhouses and were too
violent for use at the table.
Non-Chopstick Countries
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Thailand, and Central Asia most people have traditionally eaten
with their hands.
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