英语听力:实验室“种”出来的汉堡你敢吃吗?(视频)
"http://player.cntv.cn/standard/cntvOutSidePlayer.swfThe world’s first laboratory-grown beef burger has been flipped out of a petri dish and into a frying pan, with food tasters declaring that it tasted "close to meat". Experts say new ways of producing meat are needed to satisfy growing carnivorous appetites without exhausting resources.
It cost a mouth-watering quarter of a million euros to make and wasn’t produced like any other burger.It was grown in a test tube by Dutch scientist Mark Post.
"We take a few cells from a cow, muscle specific stem cells that can only become muscle. There’s very little we have to do to make these cells do the right thing. They divide by themselves and if we provide those anchor points for future tendons they will self organize into muscle. So a few cells that we take from this cow can turn into ten tons of meat."said Mark Post, professor of physiology of Maastricht university.
Each burger is made from 20,000 strips of meat.
It’s mixed with beetroot and saffron for colour and egg, breadcrumbs and salt for flavour and texture.
"I was expecting the texture to be more soft, there’s a real bite to it and the browning gave it some flavour It’s close to meat but not that juicy."said Hanni Rutzler,a food scientist.
The project at Maastricht University was originally started as food for astronauts.It was funded by the co-founder of Google Sergey Brin.
"We have a vision in our minds of this pristine farm, a couple of cows some chickens but that’s not actually how meat gets produced today. When you see how these cows are treated it’s certainly something I’m not comfortable with."said Sergey Brin, co-founder of Google.
Meat consumption is expected to increase by more two thirds by 2050.That’s a problem for the planet says Morgaine Gaye a Food Futurologist.
"Animals create a lot of methane, they create a lot of greenhouse gasses, they’re taking up a lot of farmland which could be used to grow vegetables and grains which would feed a lot more people so we know that meat really is an expensive commodity on every level."said Morgaine Gaye, a food futurologist.
The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates the meat industry is responsible for almost a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions.It could also mean an end to global food shortages.
"We have the tofus the tempais and the corns right now on the supermarket shelves. Things that really were the offshoots from the TVP, textured vegetable proteins of the 70s and we’ve come a long way since then in 30 years and I think that the invitro meat will have a place within that array of meat type products."said Gaye.
Post believes commercial production could begin within 20 years.And any distaste could easily be overcome if the product is cheap enough.
新闻资讯:
从牛身上提取部分肌肉组织 最后用2万条肉条制成肉饼 再从肌肉组织中分离出干细胞 干细胞放在营养液中培养,形成小“肉条” 人造牛肉汉堡制作过程示意图(如上图)
牛肉汉堡是深受人们喜爱的食物,可是如果得知汉堡中的牛肉并非来自牧场而是来自实验室,你还会想吃这个汉堡吗?日前,两名志愿者在伦敦一家餐厅,试吃了荷兰科学家制作的实验室牛肉汉堡。而汉堡造价高达32.5万美元,可谓全球最贵。
口感和肉差不多就是干了点
5日,全球第一个人造牛肉汉堡在英国伦敦进行试吃。奥地利美食家鲁兹勒有幸品尝到这个天价汉堡,她说:“我本来希望口味更软一点……味道和普通肉差不多,但肉质很浓,稍有点干”。
美食评论员施瓦德说:“口感就像肉,就是少了脂肪。总的感觉就是在吃一个汉堡”。
这种实验室牛肉汉堡由荷兰马斯特里赫特大学血管生物学家马克·波斯特研发。他当天说:“最初的样品也许并不美味,但这是一个好的开端”。
这项培育牛肉的科研项目耗资32.5万美元,由谷歌公司创始人之一谢尔盖·布林赞助。布林认为,这并非是个疯狂的点子,它或许能改变人们的饮食习惯。他说,没有想象力的世界只会停滞不前,这是一种创新性概念。
从实验室里“种”出来的肉
波斯特研制人造肉已有6年时间,起初尝试制造老鼠肉,后来尝试培养猪肉并在其中加入墨鱼、扇贝等含有的弹性物质制出肉条,最终将目光锁定牛肉。
波斯特说,汉堡中的牛肉不是来自牧场,而是由从牛的肌肉中提取的干细胞培育而成,培育过程采用了培养人体组织和器官的医疗技术,具体分四个阶段:首先从牛肉上分离出干细胞;然后研究人员将干细胞浸泡在含有糖、氨基酸、油脂、矿物质和多种营养物质的营养液中,初步长成带有黏性的物质;第三步是让它不断“长大”,拉伸成一根根小“肉丝”;最后将这些肉丝混合,再加入实验室培养的动物脂肪,并用藏红花和甜菜着色,制成用于烹调的肉饼。
据报道,用来做汉堡的这块人造牛肉大约由2万条“肉丝”组成,重142克。每条肉丝长约3厘米,宽约1.5厘米,厚0.5厘米。
波斯特说,我们没有对这些细胞做任何改变,“这种牛肉如果想要成功,必须看起来、感觉上以及吃起来都像真的牛肉一样。”
未来我们吃不起肉了
首个人造牛肉汉堡造价高昂,但波斯特看好人造肉未来市场。
他说,这项研究以及试吃活动不只是为制成一个美味的汉堡,而是寻求一种更符合可持续发展的理念,并且寻找更加环保的肉制品替代物,以缓解全球面临的食物短缺等问题。
波斯特补充说,现在的农业产能有70%通过畜牧生产肉品,如果不改变方式,肉会变得非常昂贵,成为奢侈食物。
据世界卫生组织的统计数据,到2030年,全世界每年肉类产量,将由上世纪90年代末的2.18亿吨增加至3.76亿吨。这意味着,肉类需求不断增长,需要更多的土地、水、草料等资源,也将产生更多垃圾和温室气体(比如二氧化碳、甲烷等)。
英国和荷兰的科学家认为,与传统肉类相比,实验室所培育的“人造肉”可以减少45%的能源消耗,96%的温室气体排放以及99%的土地占用。此外,从1头动物取得干细胞所能制成的人造肉,比屠宰1头动物所得肉量多100万倍。
以后会替代现在吃的肉吗?
目前,从干细胞到制成汉堡的过程耗时又昂贵,但未来可望缩短到6周,且在细菌检疫方面更安全。研究人员说,培养出食用安全可靠、可工业化生产的人造肉至少需要20年时间。
一旦人造肉在价格与口感上能和普通肉类媲美,人们就不用担心吃不上肉了,但问题是普通百姓会接受吗?有人说:“人造肉必须和真的肉几乎一样,否则我不会去吃。”也有人认为,需要了解这种肉的长期影响,不然不会去尝试实验室里生产出的东西。
一些科学家提出质疑说,培养牛肉所需的牛的干细胞不能重复使用,因此生产这种实验室汉堡需要从活的牲口身上获得干细胞。这意味着人造牛肉即使将来能大范围推广,也无法代替牲口养殖。
英国食品标准局说,在大范围商业推广前,需要了解这种人造肉是否可以安全食用,并具有和传统肉类相似的营养价值。
(编辑:何莹莹)
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